Insajderi ili autsajderi građanstva? Baričević, Vedrana
Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva,
12/2022, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
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U radu se analiziraju politike državljanstva i imigracije u Hrvatskoj, s posebnim osvrtom na etnifikaciju i marketizaciju građanstva koja se odvija u posljednja tri desetljeća. Studija polazi od ...koncepta građanstva kao "diferenciranog članstva" koji pretpostavlja da su beneficije članstva nejednako raspoređene među različitim subjektima građanstva neovisno o njihovom formalnom državljanskom statusu i često u suprotnosti s dominantnim nacionalnim mitologijama. Po modelu Rogersa Brubakera i njegovog koncepta "socijalnog zatvaranja", studije državljanstva u Hrvatskoj dosad su se bavile problematikom etniciteta i formalnog članstva. Pri tome, etnicitet se poima kao ključna kategorija koja pretpostavlja stjecanje državljanstva i građanskih prava. Nasuprot tome, slijedeći pristup Brigdet Anderson, u ovom radu na etničko državljanstvo gledam kao političku strategiju kojom se održava mit da sudjelovanje u naciji nosi jasne simboličke i materijalne koristi članstva. Ovaj rad nastojat će pokazati da procesi komodifikacije djeluju protiv logike etnonacionalizma pa se građanska prava rastaču u korist tržišta, a na štetu ciljanih socioekonomskih skupina unutar (etno)nacionalne većine i manjina. Socijalno građanstvo koje Brubaker i literatura "socijalnog zatvaranja" zanemaruju kritično je za razumijevanje građanstva kao koncepta i društvene prakse.
The paper analyzes the politics of citizenship and immigration in Croatia, with special reference to ethnicization and marketization of citizenship that has been taking place in the last three decades. In doing so, I start from the concept of "differentiated citizenship" which assumes that the benefits of membership are unequally distributed among different subjects of citizenship, regardless of their formal citizenship status. Following the model of Rogers Brubaker and his concept of "social closure", citizenship studies in Croatia have so far dealt with the issue of ethnicity and formal membership. However, following Bridget Anderson's approach, in this paper I see ethnic citizenship as a political strategy that maintains the myth that participation in the nation carries clear symbolic and material benefits of membership. The paper shall argue that the processes of commodification work against the logic of ethnonationalism, and citizenship rights are dispersed in favor of the market, to the detriment of the targeted groups within (ethno)national majority, as well as ethnic minorities. Social citizenship that Brubaker and the literature on "social closure" ignores is critical for our understanding of citizenship as a concept and social practice.
This paper analyses discourses and policies of citizenship and immigration in Croatia, with a special focus on marketization and culturalisation of citizenship. Along with many other Central and ...Eastern European states, Croatia is commonly studied as a model case of ethnonationalism. This study seeks to warn that in an ethnocentric state, there can also be other important notions of deservingness that structure one's route to membership today, showing us that we need to move beyond an exclusive focus on ethnonationalism. The paper explores how socioeconomic status and (ethno)cultural origin impact the ability of non-ethnics to claim and receive citizenship rights. The research focuses on two cultural groups: traditional immigrant populations coming from post-Yugoslav states and the new immigrant groups coming from countries in the Middle East.
The paper analyzes the politics of citizenship and immigration in Croatia, with special reference to ethnicization and marketization of citizenship that has been taking place in the last three ...decades. In doing so, I start from the concept of "differentiated citizenship" which assumes that the benefits of membership are unequally distributed among different subjects of citizenship, regardless of their formal citizenship status. Following the model of Rogers Brubaker and his concept of "social closure", citizenship studies in Croatia have so far dealt with the issue of ethnicity and formal membership. However, following Bridget Anderson's approach, in this paper I see ethnic citizenship as a political strategy that maintains the myth that participation in the nation carries clear symbolic and material benefits of membership. The paper shall argue that the processes of commodification work against the logic of ethnonationalism, and citizenship rights are dispersed in favor of the market, to the detriment of the targeted groups within (ethno)national majority, as well as ethnic minorities. Social citizenship that Brubaker and the literature on "social closure" ignores is critical for our understanding of citizenship as a concept and social practice.
The paper deals with the theories of the transformation of the modern functions of the nation state and the immigrant membership associated with the (legally defined) status of community members ...exemplified by asylum policies. In the process, two fundamental approaches to the issue are distinguished: the first one emphasizing changes in the institution of the traditional national citizenship and competences of the nation state, while stressing a predominantly national character of the institution of citizenship, and the second one, which emphasizes the transformation of traditional citizenships, stressing the weakening of the role of the nation state. Therefore, in the latter case, there is increasingly more talk about postnationalism, which is a term denoting the transformation of the substantive aspects of citizenship in the EU countries. The mentioned theoretical approaches are applied to three groups of issues. First, the impact of the EU on the processes of the globalisation of the rights of asylum migrants are examined. Second, the paper works out the details of the way of formulating the policy of asylum membership in the EU member states. Third, the question of whether universal postnational inclusion of asylum migrants is at work in the EU member states, or whether the status of this group of immigrants should be found within the limits of the traditional theory of state membership and national sovereignty is addressed
The paper deals with the theories of the transformation of the modern functions of the nation state and the immigrant membership associated with the (legally defined) status of community members ...exemplified by asylum policies. In the process, two fundamental approaches to the issue are distinguished: the first one emphasizing changes in the institution of the traditional national citizenship and competences of the nation state, while stressing a predominantly national character of the institution of citizenship, and the second one, which emphasizes the transformation of traditional citizenships, stressing the weakening of the role of the nation state. Therefore, in the latter case, there is increasingly more talk about postnationalism, which is a term denoting the transformation of the substantive aspects of citizenship in the EU countries. The mentioned theoretical approaches are applied to three groups of issues. First, the impact of the EU on the processes of the globalisation of the rights of asylum migrants are examined. Second, the paper works out the details of the way of formulating the policy of asylum membership in the EU member states. Third, the question of whether universal postnational inclusion of asylum migrants is at work in the EU member states, or whether the status of this group of immigrants should be found within the limits of the traditional theory of state membership and national sovereignty is addressed.
U članku se analiziraju ustavi socijalističke Jugoslavije i država sljednica. Autorica pokazuje da se može govoriti o kontinuitetu ustavnog identiteta ako se kao predmet usporedbe uzme pitanje ...temeljnog subjekta ustavnog identiteta. U oba slučaja ustav daje primat jednoj skupini u državi – radničkoj klasi, odnosno naciji – te se pozicija građanina u sustavu izvodi iz njegove pripadnosti titularnoj skupini. Analiza ustavnog identiteta država sljednica također pokazuje da u tim državama ne može biti riječi o izgradnji modela građanskog ustavnog identiteta, iako se u ustavima država tako definira. Temeljna načela tih ustava karakteristična su za ustave koji se klasificiraju kao etnonacionalni, gdje dakle pripadnost nacionalnoj skupini određuje politički subjektivitet. Učinak je takve koncepcije ustavnog identiteta stvaranje zajednice čije su temeljne vrijednosti isključujuće za one članove društva koji ne pripadaju toj skupini. Autorica međutim pokazuje da i države koje se klasificiraju kao građanske sadrže elemente etnonacionalne koncepcije identiteta, iako oni ovdje ne čine same temelje ustava i zajednice. Tako se, primjerice, i u građanskim državama poput Francuske i SAD-a svim pripadnicima društva nameću dominantna kultura i dominantni jezik, odnosno integracija članova zajednice temelji se na asimilaciji. U članku se osim toga pokazuje da u stvarnosti i u tim državama nerijetko postoji nesklad između proklamiranih građanskih vrijednosti i prakse. Ipak, može se reći da je u sustavima u kojima se temeljne vrijednosti grade na osnovi inkluzivnijih koncepata prisutan i veći stupanj integracije i građanske tolerancije. Na toj osnovi autorica na kraju razmatra pitanje odnosa ustava i kulture.
The paper analyses the constitutions of Socialist Yugoslavia and successor countries. The author shows that it is possible to identify a continuity of constitutional identity when the issue of the ...basic subject of constitutional identity is taken as an object of comparison. In both cases, the constitution grants primacy to one group in the country – working class and nation, respectively – and the position of the citizen within the system is derived from his affiliation with the titulary group. The analysis of constitutional identity of successor countries also shows that in these countries the point at issue cannot be the construction of a model of a civil constitutional identity, even though it is defined that way in the constitutions of these countries. The basic principles of these constitutions are peculiar to the constitutions classified as ethnonational constitutions, where the affiliation with a national group determines the political subjectivity. The effect of such understanding of constitutional identity is the creation of a community whose basic values are exclusive of those members of society who do not belong to this particular group. The author, however, shows that even those countries which are classified as civil countries contain elements of an ethnonational concept of identity, even though they do not constitute the foundations of the constitution and community themselves. For example, in civil countries such as France and the US the dominant culture and language are imposed to all members of society, i.e. the integration of members of the community is based on assimilation. In addition, the paper shows that, as often as not, a disproportion between the proclaimed civil values and actual practice exists even in these countries. Still, it would seem that a higher level of integration and civil tolerance is present in those systems where basic values are built on more inclusive concepts. On these grounds, in the last section of the paper, the author examines the relationship between the constitution and culture.
The paper analyses the constitutions of Socialist Yugoslavia and successor countries. The author shows that it is possible to identify a continuity of constitutional identity when the issue of the ...basic subject of constitutional identity is taken as an object of comparison. In both cases, the constitution grants primac– working class and nation, respectively – and the position of the citizen within the system is derived from his affiliation with the titulary group. The analysis of constitutional identity of successor countries also shows that in these countries the point at issue cannot be the construction of a model of a civil constitutional identity, even though it is defined that way in the constitutions of these countries. The basic principles of these constitutions are peculiar to the constitutions classified as ethnonational constitutions, where the affiliation with a national group determines the political subjectivity. The efect of such understanding of constitutional identity is the creation of a community whose basic values are exclusive of those members of society who do not belong to this particular group. The author, however, shows that even those countries which are classified as civil countries contain elements of an ethnonational concept of identity, even though they do not constitute the foundations of the constitution and community themselves. For example, in civil countries such as France and the US the dominant culture and language are imposed to all members of society, i.e. the integration of members of the community is based on assimilation. In addition, the paper shows that, as often as not, a disproportion between the proclaimed civil values and actual practice exists even in these countries. Still, it would seem that a higher level of integration and civil tolerance is present in those systems where basic values are built on more inclusive concepts. On these grounds, in the last section of the paper, the author examines the relationship between the constitution and culture.
The paper deals with the theories of the transformation of the modern functions of the nation state and the immigrant membership associated with the (legally defined) status of community members ...exemplified by asylum policies. In the process, two fundamental approaches to the issue are distinguished: the first one emphasizing changes in the institution of the traditional national citizenship and competences of the nation state, while stressing a predominantly national character of the institution of citizenship, and the second one, which emphasizes the transformation of traditional citizenships, stressing the weakening of the role of the nation state. Therefore, in the latter case, there is increasingly more talk about postnationalism, which is a term denoting the transformation of the substantive aspects of citizenship in the EU countries. The mentioned theoretical approaches are applied to three groups of issues. First, the impact of the EU on the processes of the globalisation of the rights of asylum migrants are examined. Second, the paper works out the details of the way of formulating the policy of asylum membership in the EU member states. Third, the question of whether universal postnational inclusion of asylum migrants is at work in the EU member states, or whether the status of this group of immigrants should be found within the limits of the traditional theory of state membership and national sovereignty is addressed. Adapted from the source document.
The article presents the concept of the Croatian nation as established on the institutional level, at two stages: in the 1990s and in the past decade. Operating with the dominant classifications ...describing the character of contemporary nations (as defined in the framework of legal norms and practical policies), the paper finds two distinctive typological samples. Whilst the first phase consistently works with the logic of ethnicity and descent-based values, the second stage reveals some novel developments occurring within a still-preserved, ethnically defined framework. Adjustments are taking place in the environment of the altered political climate, yet at the same time in relation to rather simplified political needs and daily pragmatics. As such, the new ethics challenge some of the established values; they do so, however, in a quite inconsistent and unclear manner. While the analysis demonstrates an amount of discontinuity in the way that political institutions operate with the founding notions of national community these changes work against the logic of popular typological patterns. As the paper concludes, the matters investigated here point also to some limitations of the available classifications, but even more noticeably to the peculiarities of the case in question. Adapted from the source document.
