Traceability of wines requires knowledge of their characteristics, which are associated with the geographical origin of grape, soil, water, climate as well as the winery techniques. The aim of this ...work was to classify wines and soil from three production areas of Argentina according to multielement data. The influence of the provenance soil on the wine element composition was also investigated.
Eleven elements were determined in 31 wine samples and 137 soil samples from regions under study. Stepwise discriminant analysis allows us to correctly classify 100% of the wines analysed from the three regions using only seven parameters (K, Fe, Ca, Cr, Mg, Zn and Mn) and 92% correct classification for soils using seven variables (Ca, Cr, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and, Mg). Canonical analysis between soils and wines datasets affords a correlation coefficient of 0.85 (
P-value
<
0.001). Thus, almost 85% of variability observed amongst wines could be attributed to the soil in which the vines were cultivated.
The analysis of elemental concentrations in the wines and soils, in combination with chemometrics, provides a powerful tool to verify the geographical origin of wines.
•Winemaking process affects the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of wine.•Main changes are hydrolysis of polyphenols and formation of anthocyanin pigments.•MRA showed high correlation ...between phenolic profile and AC at steps of winemaking.•Anthocyanins were the main compounds with significant contribution to the AC.
The evolution of phenolic compounds and their relationship with the antioxidant capacity (AC) of samples taken along the winemaking process of three Vitis vinifera L. cv., Syrah, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon grown in Argentina were studied. Forty-five compounds were identified by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS, while the AC was determined by FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays. Results show that phenolic composition and AC vary along the winemaking process and between varieties. Multiple regression analysis showed a high correlation between phenolic composition and AC of samples, being anthocyanins the main family with significant contribution to AC. In addition, quantitative differences in specific phenolic compounds help to explain differences in AC observed between varieties. A high phenolic content and bioactivity still remain in pomaces which support its use as an inexpensive source of antioxidants.
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•Targeted metabolomics allowed the differentiation of chia, flax and sesame seeds.•Polyphenols served as biomarkers to differentiate seeds.•Some biomarkers resisted the events that ...occur during processing of food.•The biomarkers were found in sweet cookies with whole chia, flax and sesame seeds.
Food fraud is perpetrated with increasing frequency along the food chain, triggering the need for new and modern tools to detect food authenticity. Chia, flax and sesame seeds are well known for the good nutritional characteristics of their oils, but there is a lack of knowledge regarding the authenticity of these seeds and food products containing them as well. In the present work, we propose a method based on targeted metabolomics to identify the polyphenols present in seeds, which can be used as markers of authenticity. We tentatively identified 44 polyphenols in the different seeds by HPLC-DAD-ESI-qTOF (MS/MS). Chemometrics allowed the selection of 12 compounds, which are nominated as novel markers for seed authentication. Some of these compounds were also found in a lab-scale preparation of cookies supplemented with the studied seeds. The proposed chemical markers resisted the baking process, representing good candidates to be used in the authentication of raw material and bakery products containing these seeds.
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•The bioaccesibility of polyphenols from grape is compared to those from wine.•In grapes, polyphenols are released during mouth and stomach digestion.•In wine, polyphenols are already ...bioaccesible.•Less than 52% of polyphenols would be potentially bioaccesible.•Anthocyanins were among the most resistant polyphenols to GI digestion.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simulated gastro-intestinal (GI) digestion on the phenolic profile and the antioxidant capacity (AC) of grapes and red wines. Mouth and stomach digestion increased the bioaccesibility of TP (total polyphenols) in grapes, while in wine these compounds were already bioaccessible. Intestinal digestion reduced the bioaccessible polyphenols of grapes and wines, mainly due to the alkaline pH of the digestive fluid. Only 16% and 52% of the initial TP in grapes and wine, respectively, were found after assay (dialysed plus nondialysed fractions). Moreover, 21% and 39% of grape and wine AC, respectively, was conserved. In spite of the significant loss of polyphenols during digestion, both grapes and red wine still retain AC. Anthocyanins were less affected by human GI tract. Therefore, they could be the most relevant compounds to explain the AC of both grapes and red wine after GI.
The objective of this research was to investigate the development of a reliable fingerprint from elemental and isotopic signatures of Argentinean honey to assess its geographical provenance. Honey, ...soil, and water from three regions (Córdoba, Buenos Aires, and Entre Rı́os) were collected. The multielemental composition was determined by ICP-MS. δ(13)C was measured by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, whereas the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio was determined using thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed by chemometrics looking for the association between the elements, stable isotopes, and honey samples from the three studied areas. Honey samples were differentiated by classification trees and discriminant analysis using a combination of eight key variables (Rb, K/Rb, B, U, (87)Sr/(86)Sr, Na, La, and Zn) presenting differences among the studied regions. The application of canonical correlation analysis and generalized procrustes analysis showed 91.5% consensus between soil, water, and honey samples, in addition to clear differences between studied areas. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the correspondence between soil, water, and honey samples using different statistical methods, showing that elemental and isotopic honey compositions are related to soil and water characteristics of the site of origin.
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in polyphenol profile and antioxidant capacity of five soluble coffees throughout a simulated gastro-intestinal digestion, including absorption through a ...dialysis membrane. Our results demonstrate that both polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity were characteristic for each type of studied coffee, showing a drop after dialysis. Twenty-seven compounds were identified in coffee by HPLC-MS, while only 14 of them were found after dialysis. Green+roasted coffee blend and chicory+coffee blend showed the highest and lowest content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity before in vitro digestion and after dialysis, respectively. Canonical correlation analysis showed significant correlation between the antioxidant capacity and the polyphenol profile before digestion and after dialysis. Furthermore, boosted regression trees analysis (BRT) showed that only four polyphenol compounds (5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, quinic acid, coumaroyl tryptophan conjugated, and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) appear to be the most relevant to explain the antioxidant capacity after dialysis, these compounds being the most bioaccessible after dialysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report matching the antioxidant capacity of foods with the polyphenol profile by BRT, which opens an interesting method of analysis for future reports on the antioxidant capacity of foods.
•Grape variety and winemaking affected phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity.•Phenolic compounds from samples modulate GPx and GR activities.•Syrah showed the highest AC due to its highest ...anthocyanin content.•Grapes showed the highest antioxidant capacity among sample types.•Pomace and wine had similar antioxidant capacity.
The in vivo antioxidant capacity (AC) of natural antioxidants involved in the winemaking of three red grape varieties grown in Argentina and its association with the phenolic composition were studied. Polyphenols from grape, wine and pomace were capable of rescuing yeast cells from oxidative stress, probably by the induction of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Observed AC was highly correlated with phenolic profiles, as shown by canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Grape samples showed the highest activity among sample types, and according to MRA kaempferol-3-glucoside and fertaric acid contributed positively, whereas ethyl gallate contributed negatively to AC of wines and pomaces. With respect to varieties, Syrah was the one with the highest activity, owing to higher contents of anthocyanins, compounds highly related to bioactivity.
The aim of this study was to investigate if elemental and isotopic signatures of Argentinean wheat can be used to develop a reliable fingerprint to assess its geographical provenance. For this pilot ...study we used wheat cultivated at three different regions (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Entre Ríos), together with matching soil and water. Elemental composition was determined by ICP-MS. δ13C and δ15N were measured by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, while 87Sr/86Sr ratio was determined using thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Wheat samples from three sampling sites were differentiated by the combination of 11 key variables (K/Rb, Ca/Sr, Ba, 87Sr/86Sr, Co, Mo, Zn, Mn, Eu, δ13C, and Na), demonstrating differences among the three studied regions. The application of generalized Procrustes analysis showed 99.2% consensus between cultivation soil, irrigation water, and wheat samples, in addition to clear differences between studied areas. Furthermore, canonical correlation analysis showed significant correlation between the elemental and isotopic profiles of wheat and those corresponding to both soil and water (r2 = 0.97, p < 0.001 and r2 = 0.96, p < 0.001, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the correspondence between soil, water, and wheat samples using different statistical methods, showing that wheat elemental and isotopic compositions are mainly related to soil and irrigation water characteristics of the site of growth.
The primary objective of this study was to assess the changes on phenolic composition and AC (antioxidant capacity) of white grape and its winemaking product, during in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) ...digestion. Phenolic compounds were evaluated by HPLC-MS/MS. The AC was measured by in vitro (FRAP, ABTS and DPPH) and cellular (Caco-2 cells) assays. Digestion had a reducing effect on phenolic content, being only 31% and 67% of native polyphenols from grapes and wines, respectively, potentially bioaccessible. At same polyphenol concentration, cellular AC of nondigested and digested foods was the same, indicating that changes in phenolic profile did not modify the bioactivity. Phenolic acids, in addition to quercetin, were the most resistant polyphenols to digestion, and would be the most relevant to explain the biological activity of digested foods. Results indicate that the changes occurred in the native phenolic profile of foods as a consequence of GI digestion, do not modify the bioactivity of white grapes and wines.
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•Winemaking processing modifies the phenolic profile of grapes•Digestion reduced the phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant capacity of white grapes and wines•< 67% of native polyphenols were bioaccessible and biologically active•Phenolic acids were among the most resistant polyphenols to gastrointestinal digestion•Digestion and winemaking modify the native polyphenols, but do not modify their bioactivity at same phenolic concentration
Emerging metallic contaminants (EMCs) are of concern due their presence in aquatic ecosystems and the lack of environmental regulations in several countries. This study verifies the presence of EMCs ...in two neotropical mangrove estuarine ecosystems (Espírito Santo Brazil) by evaluating abiotic and biotic matrices across six trophic levels (plankton, oyster, shrimp, mangrove trees, crabs and fish) and hence interrogates the trophic transfer of these elements and their possible input sources. Using the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae as a biomonitor, ten EMCs (Bi, Ce, La, Nb, Sn, Ta, Ti, W, Y and Zr) were determined. Bi input was from iron export and pelletizing industries; Ce, La and Y inputs were mainly associated with solid waste from steel production, while Zr, Nb and Ti were related to atmospheric particulate matter emissions. EMCs were detected at various trophic levels, showing biomagnification for most of them in the Santa Cruz estuary but biodilution in Vitória Bay. These contrasting results between the estuaries could be attributed to different pollution degrees, needing further research to be fully understood. This is the first report demonstrating EMCs trophic pathways in situ, constituting an essential baseline for future research and safety regulations involving EMCs in the environment.
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•Emerging metallic contaminants (EMC) were evaluated in two neotropical estuaries.•Nine EMCs (Bi, Ce, La, Nb, Sn, Ti, W, Y and Zr) were detected in the biota.•Crassostrea rhizophorae oyster was shown to be a good biomonitor for EMCs.•EMCs in biota showed biomagnification pattern transfer in Santa Cruz estuary.•EMCs showed biodilution in the Vitoria Bay estuary impacted by δ15N enrichment.
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