We reexamine big bang nucleosynthesis with large-scale baryon density inhomogeneities when the length scale of the density fluctuations exceeds the neutron diffusion length (\(\sim 10^7-10^8\) cm at ...BBN), and the amplitude of the fluctuations is sufficiently small to prevent gravitational collapse. In this limit, the final light element abundances can be determined by simply mixing the abundances from regions with different baryon/photon ratios without interactions. We examine gaussian, lognormal, and gamma distributions for the baryon/photon ratio, \(\eta \). We find that the deuterium and lithium-7 abundances increase with the RMS fluctuation in \(\eta \), while the effect on helium-4 is much smaller. We show that these increases in the deuterium and lithium-7 abundances are a consequence of Jensen's inequality, and we derive analytic approximations for these abundances in the limit of small RMS fluctuations. Observational upper limits on the primordial deuterium abundance constrain the RMS fluctuation in \(\eta \) to be less than \(17\%\) of the mean value of \(\eta \). This provides us with a new limit on the graininess of the early universe.
An algorithm is used to generate new solutions of the scalar field equations in homogeneous and isotropic universes. Solutions can be found for pure scalar fields with various potentials in the ...absence and presence of spatial curvature and other perfect fluids. A series of generalisations of the Chaplygin gas and bulk viscous cosmological solutions for inflationary universes are found. Furthermore other closed-form solutions which provide inflationary universes are presented. We also show how the Hubble slow-roll parameters can be calculated using the solution algorithm and we compare these inflationary solutions with the observational data provided by the Planck 2015 collaboration in order to constraint and rule out some of these models.
In complementary experiments the metabolism of 1‐2Hglucose in H2O and of unlabelled glucose in 2H2O by Zymomonas mobilis was examined. The utilization of 1‐2Hglucose by Z. mobilis was monitored by ...highresolution 2H NMR. The deuterium‐labelling pattern and stereochemistry of the ethanols produced from the metabolism of 1‐2Hglucose and unlabelled glucose in 2H2O were determined by a combination of 13C and 1H NMR and selective enzyme action. The labelling patterns were explained in terms of enzyme mechanisms and stereospecificity, and metabolite enolization.
Leukocytosis, blood glucose, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal radiograph have been reported as early indicators of toxic serum iron levels. To test the applicability of this battery of five ...variables, the charts of 64 patients admitted for toxic iron ingestion were reviewed. When these variables were subjected to tests of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive negative and positive values in 42 patients meeting study criteria, they failed to reach statistical significance. Only vomiting was found to approach statistical significance and, therefore, may serve as an early indicator of toxicity. In addition, several epidemiological issues relevant to the study population are discussed.
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