ABSTRACT
Multiplicity is a ubiquitous characteristic of massive stars. Multiple systems offer us a unique observational constraint on the formation of high-mass systems. Herschel 36 A is a massive ...triple system composed of a close binary (Ab1-Ab2) and an outer component (Aa). We measured the orbital motion of the outer component of Herschel 36 A using infrared interferometry with the AMBER and PIONIER instruments of ESO’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer. Our immediate aims are to constrain the masses of all components of this system and to determine if the outer orbit is co-planar with the inner one. Reported spectroscopic data for all two components of this system and our interferometric data allow us to derive full orbital solutions for the outer orbit Aa-Ab and the inner orbit Ab1-Ab2. For the first time, we derive the absolute masses of mAa = 22.3 ± 1.7, mAb1 = 20.5 ± 1.5, and mAb2 = 12.5 ± 0.9 M⊙. Despite not being able to resolve the close binary components, we infer the inclination of their orbit by imposing the same parallax as the outer orbit. Inclinations derived from the inner and outer orbits imply a modest difference of about 22° between the orbital planes. We discuss this result and the formation of Herschel 36 A in the context of Core Accretion and Competitive Accretion models, which make different predictions regarding the statistic of the relative orbital inclinations.
Multiplicity is a ubiquitous characteristic of massive stars. Multiple systems offer us a unique observational constraint on the formation of high-mass systems. Herschel 36 A is a massive triple ...system composed of a close binary (Ab1-Ab2) and an outer component (Aa). We measured the orbital motion of the outer component of Herschel 36 A using infrared interferometry with the AMBER and PIONIER instruments of ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer. Our immediate aims are to constrain the masses of all components of this system and to determine if the outer orbit is co-planar with the inner one. Reported spectroscopic data for all three components of this system and our interferometric data allow us to derive full orbital solutions for the outer orbit Aa-Ab and the inner orbit Ab1-Ab2. For the first time, we derive the absolute masses of mAa = 22.3 +/- 1.7 M_sun, mAb1 = 20.5 +/- 1.5 M_sun and mAb2 = 12.5 +/- 0.9 M_sun. Despite not being able to resolve the close binary components, we infer the inclination of their orbit by imposing the same parallax as the outer orbit. Inclinations derived from the inner and outer orbits imply a modest difference of about 22 deg. between the orbital planes. We discuss this result and the formation of Herschel 36 A in the context of Core Accretion and Competitive Accretion models, which make different predictions regarding the statistic of the relative orbital inclinations.
Para hacer frente a una crisis económica, las organizaciones implementan acciones recesivas como la reducción de salarios o de personal, afectando la satisfacción de los empleados y el rendimiento de ...la organización. Bajo esta premisa, el objetivo de esta investigación es presentar lo que existe en la literatura sobre las repercusiones de las crisis económicas en la satisfacción laboral. Diversas investigaciones señalan que la satisfacción laboral es un factor clave en la retención y el compromiso de los empleados; por lo tanto, conocer los factores que influyen en esta permitirá diseñar estrategias para aumentar dicha percepción en situaciones de inestabilidad económica. Mediante una revisión sistemática, consistente en la lectura a profundidad de 36 artículos, se concluye que la satisfacción laboral, de forma general, no se ve afectada significativamente por un periodo de crisis económica; sin embargo, existen ciertos aspectos como el salario, los entornos laborales, los tipos de contrato, las diferencias culturales y de género que sí influyen en dicha percepción. Los resultados de esta investigación pueden convertirse en herramientas útiles para las empresas como una ayuda para enfrentar los efectos adversos de una crisis económica de manera más eficiente mediante la retención de empleados idóneos para lograr la continuidad operativa de la organización.
