Leaf samples of 226 cultivated olive trees were collected from traditionally managed olive orchards and genotyped with eleven consensual SSR markers. The proportion of shared allele distance was used ...for the estimation of distances between olive genotypes. Cluster analyses were performed using a Fitch–Margoliash least-squares algorithm. The number of different genetic subgroups of olive genotypes (K) was investigated using STRUCTURE analysis. The standardization of allele lengths was performed to enable the comparison SSR profiles of Croatian olive genotypes with olive profiles obtained with the same SSR primers in OleaDB and WOGB databases. Overall, 73 SSR profiles of known Croatian varieties and 53 profiles of unknown olive genotypes were differentiated. Synonyms were detected in 18 varieties, and we found intra-varietal differences in 15 varieties. Three genetic subgroups of olive genotypes were determined. Following allele length standardization achieved using nine referral samples, the genetic profiles of 126 cultivated olive genotypes were compared to OleaDB and WOGB databases, out of which 92 genotypes were found to be unique to Croatian olive germplasm. The results revealed the wide genetic diversity of olive germplasm beyond the known, registered varieties. The FAZ_oliveDB database containing the profiles of 126 Croatian olive genotypes was created and made available for public use.
U strukturi poljoprivredne proizvodnje Republike Hrvatske prevladava biljna proizvodnja. Bez provođenja neke od mjera zaštite gubitci potencijalnog prinosa na svjetskoj razini bili bi oko 50%. ...Poljoprivreda EU se još uvijek uvelike oslanja na upotrebu pesticida za zaštitu bilja a prosječni specifični troškovi biljne proizvodnje (u koje spada i trošak biljne zaštite) čine 41,5% ukupnog troška proizvodnje u EU-28. Primjenom standardnih rezultata FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) sustava analizirani su podaci 9 tipova biljne proizvodnje RH u razdoblju od 2017. do 2019. godine. Tip povrćarstvo, cvjećarstvo i ukrasno bilje koristi najviše jedinica rada te ujedno ima najviše ukupne prihode, ukupne troškove i troškove biljne proizvodnje. Najviši trošak biljne zaštite zabilježen je kod uzgoja različitih usjeva na oranicama, dok je najniži kod tipa maslinarstvo, što je u skladu i s europskim podacima. Ipak, kada se gleda udio troška biljne zaštite u ukupnim troškovima proizvodnje izdvaja se tip voćarstvo, što je i očekivano jer suvremeni voćarski nasadi zahtijevaju velika ulaganja u zaštitu od mraza i tuče uz standardnu biljnu zaštitu. Ako se gleda udio troška biljne zaštite u ukupnom prihodu on je opet najviši kod voćarskih gospodarstava koja ujedno ostvaruju i najmanje ukupne prihode od analiziranih tipova, a najniži je kod maslinarskog tipa.
Caper (Capparis orientalis Veill.) is a species rich in bioactive compounds, with positive effects on human health. It has a great adaptability to harsh environments and an exceptional ability to ...extract water from dry soils. In Croatia, the caper grows as a wild plant, and its cultivation is insignificant, which is probably due to propagation difficulties. Micropropagation could be a solution for this. The aim of this study was to investigate the success of the micropropagation, in vitro rooting, and acclimatization of Capparis orientalis Veill. Shoot proliferation was tested in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with sucrose or glucose, and in 13 treatments, presenting the combined effect of different cytokinins and their concentrations. The success of rooting was examined in relation to the impact of various auxins, durations of rooting, and carry-over effects. A better proliferation was achieved when sucrose was used. The highest number (18) of shoots/explants was obtained in the medium supplemented with 0.6 mg·L−1 meta-topolin, while the rooting was equally efficient in the media supplemented with 2 mg·L−1 of indole-3-acetic acid or indole-3-butyric acid, or in hormone-free rooting medium. A prolonged time in the media increased the rooting efficiency, while the carry-over effect had no influence. The acclimatization rate reached 66%. Additional efforts should be made to find out how to speed upthe rooting and enhance the acclimatization rate of caper grown in Croatia.
Establishment of FADN in Croatia enabled the assessment of the importance of subsidies for the agricultural producer’s income. Low and variable farm income has been a main rationale for heavy ...government intervention in agricultural markets and income transfers to farmers. According to the analysed data subsidies have the greatest importance for the types such as grazing livestock and dairy farms, while the least dependent on subsidies are horticultural crops. The smallest share of the subsidies in gross farm output has the largest holdings (>500,000 EUR) and the smallest (4,000-8,000 EUR), and the largest one has an economic size of 50,000-500,000 EUR.). The share of subsidies in the total output is the same in both the Adriatic and Continental regions and does not depend on the age of the farm holder. Since Croatian farms are heavily dependent on subsidies, and in the light of the announced changes in the new Common Agricultural Policy (2021-2027), it is possible to expect a reduction of gross farm income, where the most vulnerable types are cattle, sheep and goat.
U masliniku starom 17 godina, tijekom svibnja i lipnja 2023. godine, na području šibenskog zaleđa, u mjestu Grabovci praćena je fenofaza cvatnje. Fenofaza cvatnje praćena je na 13 sorti maslina ...(‘Buža’, ‘Ascolana Tenera’, ‘Drobnica’, ‘Oblica’, ‘Picholine Marocaine’, ‘Gemlik’, ‘Istarska bjelica’, ‘Krvavica’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Rosulja’ ‘Leccino’, ‘Pendolino’ i ‘Frantoio’) prema Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt Chemische Industrie (BBCH) skali. Utvrđeno je da na istoj mikrolokaciji različite sorte u jednakim ekološkim uvjetima imaju različiti početak i različito trajanje cvatnje što se može objasniti sortnom karakteristikom. Klimatski uvjeti za vrijeme trajanja cvatnje u 2023. godini na području bili su povoljni za cvatnju promatranih sorata.
Traditionally grown domesticated apple varieties are known for their adaptability to different climates and a wide range of soil types, and some for resistance to the main diseases. Their evaluation ...and preservation are very important, not only for restoration of traditional orchards, but also as a source of genetic material for breeding new varieties. Micropropagation of the most valuable varieties could be a way to propagate plants for restoration of traditional orchards, or as a prerequisite for ex situ long-term conservation through cryopreservation. Fruit samples were taken from trees 50 or more years old, of 13 traditionally grown domesticated apple varieties in Bjelovar Bilogora County in Croatia. Morphological traits of the fruits were evaluated during 3 years, and chemical characteristics (soluble solids, reducing sugars, acids and total phenol content) were evaluated during one vegetation year. Tissue culture was established from shoot apices approximately 1 mm in size isolated from buds of 1-year-old scion woods. Axillary branching was induced from two types of explants on MS medium with the addition of 2% glucose, 1% sucrose, 0.1 g L−1 myo-inositol, 0.8% agar, 0.2 mg L−1 gibberelic acid (GA3), 0.1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1.5 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in proliferation medium 1 (PM1) or 2 mg L−1 zeatin (ZEA) in proliferation medium 2 (PM2). The morphological characteristics of the traditionally grown domesticated apple varieties mentioned were not different from their standard values. Average fruit weight (AFW), average fruit height (AFH) and average fruit diameter (AFD) were less than standard values, which can be explained by the age of the fruit trees. Principal component analysis of these traditionally grown domesticated apple varieties showed that fruit traits very important in today’s breeding for new cultivars, like fruit weight, shape, skin color and flesh taste, stand out in explaining the variability. Despite the age of the fruit trees, the fruits still have surprisingly positive chemical characteristics, especially Canadian Reinette for which the highest concentration of total phenols was found. Of the five traditionally grown domesticated apple varieties used, tissue culture was successfully established for Jonathan and Canadian Reinette varieties. Higher multiplication efficiency was obtained for the Jonathan variety. Medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 BAP produced a significantly higher number of shoots/explant in comparison with those supplemented with ZEA. Morphological features of shoots produced on medium supplemented with ZEA, however, were better. Both explant types, shoots placed in the medium vertically or two-nodal stem segments placed in the medium horizontally, gave similar results for axillary branching.
Pistacija (Pistacia vera L.) se smatra jednom od najvažnijih orašastih plodova na svijetu i uzgaja se na pet kontinenata. Ukupna proizvodnja pistacija u svijetu za 2021. godinu iznosila je 915 717,92 ...t. Glavni proizvođači su Iran, SAD i Turska, s preko 83 % ukupne proizvodnje. Vrsta Pistacia vera L. uzgaja se zbog plodova i zbog toga ima gospodarski značaj dok se ostale vrste kao što su P. integerrima, P. terebinthus, P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, P. palaestine i P. mutica, uzgajaju za podloge. Posljednjih desetljeća podižu se nove plantaže i uzgajivači pistacija svjesni su važnosti odabira podloge i sorte. Izbor podloge važan je aspekt u proizvodnji pistacije buduće da je suša ograničavajući čimbenik u području Mediterana. Vodeće zemlje u uzgoju pistacije preferiraju određene sorte što ovisi o ekološkim čimbenicima za njihov uzgoj kao i o preferencijama tržišta. Proizvodnja sadnica pistacija ne zadovoljava postojeću potražnju zbog teškoća cijepljenja na određene podloge. Širenje nasada pistacija ograničeno je neučinkovitim metodama vegetativnog razmnožavanja.
Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) are considered one of the most important nuts in the world and are cultivated on five continents. The total global production of pistachios in 2021 was 915,717.92 tonnes. The main producers are Iran, the USA and Turkey with over 83% of total production. The species Pistacia vera L. is cultivated for its fruit and is therefore of economic importance, while other species such as P. integerrima, P. terebinthus, P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, P. palaestine and P. mutica are cultivated as rootstocks. New plantations have been established in recent decades and pistachio growers are aware of the importance of rootstock and variety selection. The choice of rootstock is an important aspect for pistachio cultivation in the future, as drought is a limiting factor in the Mediterranean region. The leading pistachio growing countries favour certain varieties depending on the environmental factors for their cultivation as well as market preferences. The production of pistachio seedlings does not meet current demand, as grafting onto certain rootstocks is difficult. The expansion of pistachio cultivation is limited by inefficient methods of vegetative propagation.
Unutar roda Citrus nalaze se neke od najvažnijih neklimakterijskih voćnih vrsta koje se uzgajaju u više od 140 zemalja svijeta prvenstveno u suptropskom i tropskom području. Limun se zbog nutritivnih ...svojstava i široke primjene nalazi na trećem mjestu po proizvodnji u svijetu nakon naranči i mandarina. Najveći proizvođači limuna u svijetu su Indija, Meksiko, Argentina, Kina, Španjolska i SAD. U Hrvatskoj uzgojno područje limuna je koncentrirano na mikrolokalitetima srednjeg i južnog dijela Dalmacije te na otocima. U 2021. godini proizvedeno je 262 tone, što zadovoljava oko 2,65 % domaće potrošnje. Zbog osviještenosti potrošača za zdravijim načinom života te konzumiranjem hrane bez rezidua pesticida te i o ulozi koju limun ima u konzumaciji, potencijal uzgoja je u njegovoj ekološkoj proizvodnji. Sve veća osviještenost potrošača i proizvođača kao i potpora za ekološki uzgoj utječe na održivost takve proizvodnje. Edukacijom poljoprivrednika, financijske potpore za podizanje nasada, kao i potpore certifikacije i promoviranje limuna i gotovih proizvoda značajno bi utjecalo na povećanje uzgojnih površina pod limunom.
The genus Citrus includes some of the most important non-climacteric fruit species grown in more than 140 countries of the world, mainly in subtropical and tropical areas. Due to its nutritional properties and wide application, the lemon ranks third in global production after oranges and mandarins. The largest lemon producers in the world are India, Mexico, Argentina, China, Spain and the USA. In Croatia, lemon production is concentrated in the micro-localities of the central and southern Dalmatia and on the islands. In 2021, 262 tonnes were produced, which corresponds to around 2.65% of domestic consumption. Due to consumers awareness of healthier lifestyles and consumption of food without pesticide residues, as well as the role that lemons play in consumption, the growing potential lies in their organic production. The growing awareness of consumers and producers, as well as the support for organic farming have an impact on the sustainability of this production. Education of farmers, financial support for plantation farming and support for certification and promotion of lemons and finished products would have a significant impact on the expansion of the area under lemon cultivation.
Temeljne postavke i prakse na kojima počiva konvencionalna i integrirana poljoprivredna proizvodnja poput intenzivne obrade tla, uzgoja u monokulturi, upotrebe mineralnih gnojiva, navodnjavanje, ...zaštita bilja kemijskim sredstvima, manipulacija biljnim i životinjskim genomima te 'industrijska' proizvodnja životinja, među glavnim su onečišćivačima biosfere kao i proizvođačima stakleničkih plinova. Te su prakse kroz duže razdoblje neodržive i štetne. Problematika kojom se bavi regenerativna poljoprivreda je sekvestracija atmosferskog ugljika u tlo i biomasu, povećanje bioraznolikosti proizvodnih agroekosustava, povećanje i održavanje plodnosti tla te uspostavljanje, održavanje i upravljanje ciklusima kruženja hraniva, vode i organske tvari tla. Regenerativna poljoprivreda nadogradnja je ekološke poljoprivrede i temelji se na znanstvenim i primijenjenim istraživanjima.
Uspostava FADN sustava u Hrvatskoj omogućila je procjenu važnosti potpora za prihod poljoprivrednih proizvođača. Niski i nestabilni dohoci poljoprivrednih gospodarstava bili su glavni razlog za ...veliku državnu intervenciju na poljoprivrednome tržištu i transfere dohotka poljoprivrednicima. Prema analiziranim podacima, potpore imaju najveću važnost za tipove: govedarstvo, ovčarstvo i kozarstvo i mliječno govedarstvo, dok su o potporama najmanje ovisna povrćarsko-cvjećarska gospodarstva. Najmanji udio potpora u bruto prihodu imaju najveća gospodarstva (>500.000 EUR-a) i najmanja gospodarstva (4.000–8.000 EUR-a), a najveći ona ekonomske veličine 50.000-500.000 EUR-a. Udio potpora u ukupnome prihodu gospodarstva jednak je u Jadranskoj i Kontinentalnoj Regiji te ne ovisi o dobi nositelja gospodarstva. Budući da su hrvatska poljoprivredna gospodarstva dosta ovisna o potporama, a u svjetlu najavljenih promjena u novome programskome razdoblju Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike (2021.-2027.), moguće je očekivati smanjenje prihoda poljoprivrednih gospodarstava, na što je najosjetljiviji tip govedarstvo, ovčarstvo i kozarstvo.
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