Bu makale, güvenlik anlayışının geleneksel kökenlerinden Soǧuk Savaş sonrası dönemde ortaya çıkan yeni yaklaşımlara gelişimini incelemektedir. Uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründeki güvenlik ...yaklaşımları, realist görüşlerin hem egemen hem de karşı konulmaz olduǧu günlerden büyük ölçüde farklılaşmıştır. Buna baǧlı olarak, bugün uluslararası güvenlik konusunda Soǧuk Savaş döneminde olduǧundan daha saǧlıklı ve hareketli bir tartışma yaşanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, realizmin son yıllarda haklı bir biçimde sorgulanmış olmasına ve Soǧuk Savaş sonrası dönemde ortaya çıkan alternatif yaklaşımların, özellikle inşacılıǧın, uluslararası güvenlik konusundaki çaǧdaş yaklaşımların önemli bir parçasını oluşturmasına raǧmen, realizm hem uluslararası ilişkiler çalışmalarında hem de pratiǧinde güçlü bir yaklaşım olmaya devam etmektedir. The article focuses on the development of thinking about security from its traditional origins to the newer perspectives which have emerged in the post-Cold War period. It is shown that approaches to the study of security in international relations literature have changed significantly from the days when realist views were both preeminent and unchallenged. Accordingly, there is now much more healtier and vibrant debate about international security than existed during the Cold War period. Even though realism has been justifiably challenged in recent years and the alternative approaches, especially constructivism, compose an important part of the contemporary discourse on international security, realism remains a powerful approach to both the study and the practice of international relations.
Science is becoming increasingly data intensive as digital innovations bring new capacity for continuous data generation and storage. This progress also brings challenges, as many scientific ...initiatives are challenged by the shear volumes of data produced. Here we present a case study of a data intensive randomized clinical trial assessing the utility of continuous pressure imaging (CPI) for reducing pressure injuries.
To explore an approach to reducing the amount of CPI data required for analyses to a manageable size without loss of critical information using a nested subset of pressure data.
Data from four enrolled study participants excluded from the analytical phase of the study were used to develop an approach to data reduction. A two-step data strategy was used. First, raw data were sampled at different frequencies (5, 30, 60, 120, and 240 s) to identify optimal measurement frequency. Second, similarity between adjacent frames was evaluated using correlation coefficients to identify position changes of enrolled study participants. Data strategy performance was evaluated through visual inspection using heat maps and time series plots.
A sampling frequency of every 60 s provided reasonable representation of changes in interface pressure over time. This approach translated to using only 1.7% of the collected data in analyses. In the second step it was found that 160 frames within 24 h represented the pressure states of study participants. In total, only 480 frames from the 72 h of collected data would be needed for analyses without loss of information. Only ~ 0.2% of the raw data collected would be required for assessment of the primary trial outcome.
Data reduction is an important component of big data analytics. Our two-step strategy markedly reduced the amount of data required for analyses without loss of information. This data reduction strategy, if validated, could be used in other CPI and other settings where large amounts of both temporal and spatial data must be analysed.
Strategic culture, beliefs, and perceived status in an anarchic international system played a crucial role in the development of British nuclear weapons policy from its inception in the Second World ...War through to the Nassau Agreement in 1962 that provided Britain with a sophisticated submarine nuclear deterrent-Part Two, in the next issue of Diplomacy and Statecraft, will look at the period from 1962 to the present day. Adopting what has been described as a "Conventional Constructivist" approach, the argument is that these ideational factors have helped to shape the character of Britain's nuclear capability and the operational plans for the potential employment of those capabilities. It also provides an insight into how these factors have shaped elite views of the UK nuclear deterrent in the crucial early years of its development.
Written on the 50th anniversary, this article focuses on the negotiations between Britain and the United States which led to the 1958 Mutual Defence Agreement and the beginning of the 'special ...nuclear relationship' which has lasted down to the present day. It is argued that the eventual success of the negotiations had a lot to do with the key roles of Eisenhower and Macmillan but that a transatlantic 'advocacy coaltion' of nuclear scientists, defence and intelligence officials also played an important part at the operational level in achieving and subsequently shaping the kind of relationship which developed. Attention is also given to the longer term significance of the agreement, especially in terms of the arguments about its impact on nuclear proliferation.
Part One of this article, which appeared in the last edition of Diplomacy and Statecraft, argued that the origins and early development of British nuclear weapons was largely driven by the particular ...ideas and beliefs of a relatively small political, scientific, and military elite. It is also argued that these beliefs, which developed into a "deterrence state of mind" amongst the elite, derived in part from a traditional strategic culture that emphasised the importance of producing the most sophisticated weapons of the day to protect Britain's diplomatic and security interests in a largely anarchic international system. Part Two argues that these ideational factors, based on a "realist" perspective of international security held by Britain's political-military leadership, have remained of crucial importance through to the present day.
Codes, not ciphers BAYLIS, JOHN
Mathematical gazette,
11/2010, Letnik:
94, Številka:
531
Journal Article
This article is written as a companion piece to the recent account of cryptography in 1. The aim will be similar—to explain the meaning and principles of coding, give some implementations that are ...feasible at school and early undergraduate level, and give a flavour of the types of mathematics involved.
2.
Cryptography and coding—What's the difference?
Cryptography concerns the transmission of secret or sensitive information in such a way that if intercepted en route by an ‘enemy’, that enemy will be incapable of understanding it and therefore be prevented from using it for any political, financial, military or other advantage.
Scholars have variously queried the existence of the Anglo-American "special relationship," consigned it to history as "special no more," or demanded that Britain choose between its European and ...American relationships. These critiques have become increasingly prevalent since the Cold War. Yet the current British government, like many before it, continues to portray a choice between America and Europe as a "false choice," and the "special relationship" has arguably deepened in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks. This article contends that international diplomatic history can contribute much to understanding the "Lazarus-like" quality of the "special relationship." Specifically it argues that a number of critical continuities in post-World War II British foreign policy survived the end of the Cold War and have since contributed heavily to the determination of the British foreign policymaking elite to maintain the "special relationship" at the same time that Britain pursues a leadership role within Europe.
