The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is an important pest of date palms in many regions of the world. This paper reports the first survey of insecticide resistance in field ...populations of R. ferrugineus in Pakistan which were collected from seven date palm growing areas across Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) provinces, Pakistan. The resistance was assessed by the diet incorporation method against the formulated commonly used chemical insecticides profenophos, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, spinosad, lambda-cyhalothrin and a fumigant phosphine. Elevated levels of resistance were recorded for cypermethrin, deltamethrin and phosphine after a long history of insecticide use in Pakistan. Resistance Ratios (RRs) were 63- to 79-fold for phosphine, 16- to 74-fold for cypermethrin, 13- to 58-fold for deltamethrin, 2.6- to 44-fold for profenophos, 3- to 24-fold for chlorpyrifos, 2- to 12-fold for lambda-cyhalothrin and 1- to 10-fold for spinosad compared to a susceptible control line. Resistant R. ferrugineus populations were mainly found in southern Punjab and to some extent in KPK. The populations from Bahawalpur, Vehari, Layyah and Dera Ghazi Khan were most resistant to chemical insecticides, while all populations exhibited high levels of resistance to phosphine. Of the eight agents tested, lower LC50 and LC90 values were recorded for spinosad and lambda-cyhalothrin. These results suggest that spinosad and lambda-cyhalothrin exhibit unique modes of action and given their better environmental profile, these two insecticides could be used in insecticide rotation or assist in phasing out the use of older insecticides. A changed pattern of both insecticides can be used sensibly be recommended without evidence of dose rates and frequencies used.
Nineteen different isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana sensu lato (s.l.) and Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), recovered from different soil samples (field ...crops, fruit orchards, vegetable fields and forests) and insect cadavers were tested against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at two different spore concentrations (1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia mL−1). Three isolates of B. bassiana and two of M. anisopliae gave >88 % larval and >75 % adult mortality of R. ferrugineus on their highest dose rate respectively. More sporulating cadavers (mycosis) resulted from a high dose rate compared to low dose on both life stages of R. ferrugineus. The current study confirmed the lethal action of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolates with mortality levels usually directly proportional to the conidial concentration. This study further confirmed that the isolates recovered from R. ferrugineus dead cadavers gave more mortality compared to the other sources. In the virulence assay two isolates of B. bassiana caused the highest percentage of both larval and adult mortality at all exposure intervals which suggest that they may be the most promising for use in sustainable management programs aimed at microbial control in date palm orchards.
Coconut, oil, and date palms are important crops in the tropics and are attacked by dynastids that cause loss of production or death of hosts. Knowledge of their breeding sites has been extended ...since a previous review in 1980. The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae has potential as a biopesticide against immature stages in friable breeding sites. The molecular biology and ultrastructure of Oryctes rhinoceros Nudivirus (OrNV), disseminated by adults, have been studied, and this pathogen can reduce O. rhinoceros populations and damage when introduced into new locations, especially where damage had been high. New PCR techniques may enable reliable quantification of dosages ingested and hence virulence of different isolates. Male-produced aggregation pheromones have been identified in several species, for which they may have management potential, having been used commercially for trapping O. rhinoceros in oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia, and tested against O. monoceros in Africa.
The invasive Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most destructive pests of ornamental and economically important palms globally. It ...has been found in 50 % of date‐growing and 15 % of coconut‐producing countries in the world. Synthetic organic insecticides have been the default method to combat this pest, but they are clearly inefficient due to the secretive nature of the insect and there is concern about non‐target effects from blanket spraying. For this reason, there is increasing interest in biological control methods such as the possible use of microbial entomopathogens, which might be incorporated into IPM approaches. In this review we summarize research work on microbial control agents, their effectiveness against RPW and their integration with other control measures.
This book examines the issues of democracy, nationalism and strengthening Taiwan consciousness in the light of the campaign strategies employed in Taiwan's 2004 presidential and legislative election ...from the perspective of the Taiwanese people and Taiwanese culture. Particular attention is paid to the mindset of the opposition party.
A test of the Dual Filial Piety model Yeh, Kuang-Hui; Bedford, Olwen
Asian journal of social psychology,
12/2003, Letnik:
6, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Filial piety is a central concept in Confucianism, containing important ideas about how children should treat their parents. Research over the past two decades has resulted in conflicting findings ...over whether filial piety is beneficial or harmful to individual development. The Dual Filial Piety model integrates these conflicting findings and suggests neither assessment of filial piety is appropriate. The present study offers empirical evidence in support of the dual model and offers commentary on the role of filial piety in modern Chinese society and directions for future research.
We investigate the effect of high electric fields on the percolation behaviour of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate water-in-oil microemulsions in the L^sub 2^ phase and examine the existence of ...critical fields as a function of droplet radius and droplet concentration. It is shown that there is no direct correlation with critical fields as discussed for electrorheological fluids. Very low critical fields are found in certain ranges of droplet radii. Clustering of droplets with material exchange may be postulated under these conditions.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Olwen Bedford and Kwang‐Kuo Hwang, Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture: A Cross‐cultural Framework from the Perspective of Morality and Identity, pp. 127–144.
This article formulates a cross‐cultural ...framework for understanding guilt and shame based on a conceptualization of identity and morality in Western and Confucian cultures. First, identity is examined in each culture, and then the relation between identity and morality illuminated. The role of guilt and shame in upholding the boundaries of identity and enforcing the constraints of morality is then discussed from the perspective of each culture. The developed framework is then applied the emotions of guilt and shame in Chinese culture drawing on previous field research. Implications for future research are discussed.
Filial belief and parent-child conflict Yeh, Kuang-Hui; Bedford, Olwen
International journal of psychology,
04/2004, Letnik:
39, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This study examines the relation between filial belief and the frequency, origins, and solutions to parent‐child conflict using an indigenous Chinese perspective. The Dual Filial Piety model is ...employed to categorize the four types of filial belief: nonfilial, authoritarian, reciprocal, and absolute. Questionnaires were completed by 773 junior and senior high school students from around Taiwan for the study. Results provided support for the indigenous Chinese notion that a child's filial beliefs relate to the level of parent‐child conflict. The results go beyond this common conception to highlight that filial beliefs may have a particular role in decreasing self‐centred but not inappropriate conflict between parents and children, and that reciprocal filial beliefs may have a more important role in decreasing conflict than authoritarian filial beliefs. Clear differences were identified in the reported origins of conflict (Demands Conflict with Desire. Unreasonable Behaviour, Demand Exceeds Ability, Role Conflict, Interparental Dispute. Immoral Demands) and solutions to conflict (self‐sacrifice, compromise, refraining, ego‐centred, escape) among the four filial types. Parent demands conflicting with the child's desire was the greatest source of conflict for each of the four filial types. Nonfilial types reported significantly more conflict than absolute types for four of the six origins of conflict examined. Low incidence of conflict may explain why the filial types did not differ for the remaining two origins. Overall, the four filial types reported self‐sacrifice as their least used solution to parent‐child conflict, and nonfilials reported significantly less use of this solution than the other three filial types. Absolutes and reciprocals reported significantly more use of refraining than the other two filial types. Results of this study provide the first empirical support for the Dual Filial Piety model and constitute a foundation for continued indigenous research on parent‐child relations in Chinese culture. It is expected that an indigenous theory of parent‐child relations incorporating the Dual Filial Piety model can eventually be integrated into a global psychology.
Csette étude examine la relation entre la croyance filiale et la fréquence, les origines et les solutions relatives aux conflits parent‐enfant, par l'entremise d'une perspective indigène chinoise. Le modèle de Piété filiale double est employé pour catégoriser les quatre types de croyances filiales: non filiales, autoritaires, réciproques et absolues. Un échantillon de 773 étudiants du secondaire provenant des environs de Taïwan a complété divers questionnaires. Les résultats soutiennent la notion chinoise indigène selon laquelle les croyances filiales de l'enfant sont reliées au niveau de conflit parent‐enfant. Les résultats surpassent cette conception commune en soulevant que les croyances filiales peuvent avoir un rôle particulier dans la diminution des conflits parent‐enfant centrés sur la personne mais non inadéquats. En outre, il apparaît que les croyances filiales réciproques peuvent avoir un rôle plus important dans la diminution des conflits comparativement aux croyances filiales autoritaires. Des différences claires entre les quatre types filiaux furent identifiées quant à l'origine rapportée des conflits (demandes des parents en conflit avec besoins des enfants, conduites inadéquates, demandes excédant les habiletés, conflits de rôle, disputes interparentales, demandes immorales) et par rapport aux solutions pour résoudre ces conflits (auto‐sacrifice, compromis, recadrage, centration sur soi, fuite). La source principale de conflits dans chacun des quatre groupes est relative aux demandes parentales qui entrent en conflit avec les désirs de l'enfant. Les types non filiaux présentent significativement plus de conflits que les types absolus pour quatre des six origines de conflit examinées. La faible incidence de conflit peut expliquer pourquoi les quatre groupes ne diffèrent pas sur le plan des deux autres origines. De façon générale, pour les quatre groupes, le sacrifice de soi représente la solution la moins utilisée pour résoudre les conflits parent‐enfant, avec les types non filiaux qui expriment significativement moins l'utilisation de cette solution comparativement aux trois autres groupes. Les types absolus et réciproques montrent une utilisation significativement plus grande du recadrage que les deux autres groupes. Les résultats de cette étude fournissent un premier soutien empirique au modèle de Piété filiale double et constituent une fondation pour les recherches futures s'intéressant aux relations parent‐enfant dans la culture chinoise. Il est attendu qu'une théorie indigène des relations parent‐enfant incorporant le modèle de Piété filiale double puisse éventuellement être intégrée à la psychologie globale.
Este estudio examina la relación entre creencia filial y frecuencia, origen y soluciones de los conflictos padres‐hijos mediante una perspectiva indígena china. Se empleó el Modelo Dual de Piedad Filial para categorizar cuatro tipos de creencia filial: no‐filial, autoritaria, recíproca y absoluta. 773 estudiantes de secundaria de Taiwán completaron los cuestionarios del estudio. Los resultados apoyan la noción indígena china de que las creencias filiales del faijo se relacionan con el nivel de conflicto entre padres e hijos. Los resultados van aún más allá e indican que las creencias filiales podrían desempeñar un papel en la disminución del conflicto entre padres e hijos centrado en la persona, pero no en el inapropiado, y que las creencias filiales recíprocas podrían participar en mayor medida que las autoritarias en la disminución del conflicto. Se encontró que hubo diferencias entre los cuatro tipos filiales en cuanto al origen del conflicto (exigencias de los padres en conflicto con los deseos de los hijos, conducta inapropiada, la exigencia excede a la habilidad, conflicto de roles, disputa entre los padres, exigencias inmorales) y a las soluciones a este (autosacrificio, concesiones, replanteamiento, centrado en el ego, escape). Las exigencias de los padres en conflicto con los deseos de los hijos fue la fuente más importante de conflicto para cada uno de los cuatro tipos filiales. Los tipos no‐filiales informaron significativamente más conflicto que los absolutes para cuatro de los seis orígenes de conflicto examinados. La baja incidencia de conflicto podría explicar por qué los tipos filiales no difirieron con respecto a los dos orígenes restantes. En general, los cuatro tipos filiales informaron que el autosacrificio era la solución que menos usaban ante el conflicto padres‐hijos, y los no‐filiales informaron significativamente menos empleo de esta solución que el resto de los tipos filiales. Los absolutos y los recíprocos refirieron de manera importante que usaban más el replanteamiento que los otros dos tipos filiales. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan por primera vez datos que apoyan el Modelo Dual de Piedad Filial y constituyen una base para la investigación subsiguiente sobre relaciones padres‐hijos en la cultura china. Se espera que la teoría indígena sobre relaciones padres‐hijos que incorpora el Modelo Dual de Piedad Filial pueda, con el paso del tiempo, integrarse a la psicología global.
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