Ongoing investigations for the improvement of Geant4 accuracy and computational performance resulting by refactoring and reengineering parts of the code are discussed. Issues in refactoring that are ...specific to the domain of physics simulation are identified and their impact is elucidated. Preliminary quantitative results are reported.
Calorimeters play an important role in high-energy physics experiments. Their design includes electronic instrumentation, signal processing chain, computing infrastructure, and also a good ...understanding of their response to particle showers produced by the interaction of incoming particles. This is usually supported by full simulation frameworks developed for specific experiments so that their access is restricted to the collaboration members only. Such restrictions limit the general-purpose developments that aim to propose innovative approaches to signal processing, which may include machine learning and advanced stochastic signal processing models. This work presents the Lorenzetti Showers, a general-purpose framework that mainly targets supporting novel signal reconstruction and triggering strategies using segmented calorimeter information. This framework fully incorporates developments down to the signal processing chain level (signal shaping, energy estimation, and noise mitigation techniques) to allow advanced signal processing approaches in modern calorimetry and triggering systems. The developed framework is flexible enough to be extended in different directions. For instance, it can become a tool for the phenomenology community to go beyond the usual detector design and physics process generation approaches.
Program Title: Lorenzetti Showers
CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/sy64367452.1
Developer's repository link:https://github.com/lorenzetti-hep/lorenzetti
Licensing provisions: GPLv3
Programming language: Python, C++.
Nature of problem: In experimental high-energy physics, simulation is essential for experiment preparation, design and interpretations of ongoing acquisitions. Especially for calorimeters, an accurate simulation that can describe detector geometry, behavior to different physics processes and signal generation close to the readout electronics and data acquisition levels is required to properly develop signal processing and computational methods. Such detectors may face very challenging demands arising from the new designs, such as pileup mitigation and noise reduction tasks under unprecedented levels. In this sense, simulation requirements continuously increase in complexity and performance, because new physics searches require large datasets and accurate modeling to experimental effects.
Solution method: The Lorenzetti Showers is an integrated software framework that provides complete calorimeter information close enough to the electronic readout chain. Thus, the proposed framework allows users to access cell readout values, configurable sensor pulse-shapes, crosstalk modeling, and different energy estimation methods. It aims at supporting designs that target low or high pileup operation conditions in an easy-to-use modular structure. The developed framework is based on Pythia 8 (particle generation) and Geant4 (interactions with the calorimeter technique under analysis). An efficient data recording structure was used to allow full access to the Lorenzetti Showers outputs. In summary, the Lorenzetti Showers tool provides to the scientific community a user-friendly, flexible, user-oriented, and low-level calorimeter simulation framework.
Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The framework current version provides the implementation of a generic segmented calorimeter (electromagnetic and hadronic sections), which may be modified by the user, if desired. It allows the generation of particles interactions using Pythia 8 (native) or any generator compatible with the HepMC format (which may be integrated using an external input file) and propagation through a user-configurable calorimeter using Geant4.
Searches for the Higgs boson of the Standard Model and supersymmetric models have been performed by the four LEP experiments in the data collected over almost 12 years (August/1989 until ...November/2000) at centre-of-mass energies varying from 91.2 GeV to 209 GeV. An excess of candidates for the process e+e - ® Z* ® Z0 H0 was found for Higgs masses near 114 GeV.
A R&D project has been recently launched to investigate Geant4 architectural design in view of addressing new experimental issues in HEP and other related physics disciplines. In the context of this ...project the use of generic programming techniques besides the conventional object oriented is investigated. Software design features and preliminary results from a new prototype implementation of Geant4 electromagnetic physics are illustrated. Performance evaluations are presented. Issues related to quality assurance in Geant4 physics modelling are discussed.
A research and development (R&D) project related to the extension of the Geant4 toolkit has been recently launched to address fundamental methods in radiation transport simulation. The project ...focuses on simulation at different scales in the same experimental environment; this problem requires new methods across the current boundaries of condensed-random-walk and discrete transport schemes. The new developments have been motivated by experimental requirements in various domains, including nanodosimetry, astronomy and detector developments for high energy physics applications.
A survey of atomic binding energies used by general purpose Monte Carlo systems is reported. Various compilations of these parameters have been evaluated; their accuracy is estimated with respect to ...experimental data. Their effects on physical quantities relevant to Monte Carlo particle transport are highlighted: X-ray fluorescence emission, electron and proton ionization cross sections, and Doppler broadening in Compton scattering. The effects due to different binding energies are quantified with respect to experimental data. Among the examined compilations, EADL is found in general a less suitable option to optimize simulation accuracy; other compilations exhibit distinctive capabilities in specific applications, although in general their effects on simulation accuracy are rather similar. The results of the analysis provide quantitative ground for the selection of binding energies to optimize the accuracy of Monte Carlo simulation in experimental use cases. Recommendations on software design dealing with these parameters and on the improvement of data libraries for Monte Carlo simulation are discussed.
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