La demande des consommateurs évolue vers des produits pour lesquels des garanties (qualité, bien-être animal, respect de l’environnement) sont données via des cahiers des charges encadrant les ...pratiques. Cet article étudie les services rendus par deux productions sous signe officiel de qualité : les poulets Label Rouge et l’élevage ovin allaitant en agriculture biologique. Leurs cahiers des charges présentent des éléments de convergence (restriction d’utilisation de certains intrants, accès à des surfaces extérieures…) qui peuvent conduire à une productivité plus faible et pénaliser certains impacts environnementaux exprimés par kg de produit (GES, pour les poulets par exemple). Les bilans finaux peuvent cependant se révéler meilleurs qu’en conventionnel, par divers effets de compensation et s’ils sont exprimés par € de produit. Ces productions renvoient une image positive auprès du consommateur en termes de bien-être animal (faible densité animale, accès à un parcours), de qualité organoleptique des produits et de lien au « terroir » et au territoire. Se dessinent alors de nouveaux optimums entre niveaux de productivité et production de services. Des leviers sont proposés pour maximiser les services environnementaux, sociaux et culturels tout en augmentant le service « d’approvisionnement » ; à l’échelle de l’animal, les principaux enjeux concernent l’amélioration de l’efficacité alimentaire, l’adaptation aux milieux et la productivité numérique (ovins). La mobilisation des principes de l’agroécologie doit permettre, à l’échelle de l’exploitation, de tirer parti du couplage entre espèces ou ateliers de production (animal, végétal), et, à l’échelle du territoire, d’imaginer de nouvelles complémentarités entre exploitations.
Associer productions animales et végétales conférerait des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux exploitations par rapport à la spécialisation. Malgré ces intérêts potentiels, les ...exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont en déclin en U.E., en lien notamment avec un fort besoin de main-d’oeuvre pour combiner cultures et élevage et peu d’incitations politiques. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi les grandes cultures et l’élevage entrent en concurrence dans les territoires où ils cohabitent et de proposer des leviers d’actions pour favoriser des synergies. Pour cela, nous éclairerons la diversité des bouquets de services fournis par les systèmes de polyculture-élevage dans les territoires où cohabitent grandes cultures et élevage. Une analyse transversale de trois cas d’étude français (Montmorillonnais, Bresse et Tarn-Aveyron) montre que l’élevage est plus ou moins concurrencé par les grandes cultures en fonction des contextes locaux. Cette analyse nous permet de faire émerger i) des contraintes et opportunités pour la polycultureélevage, ii) des leviers d’action pour favoriser les synergies entre grandes cultures et élevage pour mieux gérer les compromis entre services dans les exploitations et les territoires. Au niveau des exploitations comme des territoires, les systèmes de polyculture-élevage offrent de nombreux leviers techniques pour favoriser la transition agroécologique. Tout d’abord, le chargement animal doit être adapté au potentiel des terres disponibles pour favoriser le lien au sol. Une réelle intégration entre grandes cultures et élevage permet d’augmenter l’autonomie des systèmes en intrants par deux leviers principaux : la diversification des assolements et des rotations et via la fertilisation organique des cultures et prairies. Aussi, une simple cohabitation de grandes cultures et d’élevage ne permet pas d’atteindre des objectifs agroécologiques ni au niveau des exploitations, ni au niveau des territoires. Des systèmes cultureséleevage gagnants-gagnants intégrant agroforesterie ou agriculture de conservation peuvent ouvrir de nouvelles pistes. Au niveau des territoires, les échanges entre céréaliers et éleveurs peuvent être considérés. Des voies d’améliorations organisationnelles et des choix politiques sont susceptibles d’accroitre les interrelations entre cultures et élevage au niveau de l’exploitation et du territoire.
Post-translational histone modification has a fundamental role in chromatin biology and is proposed to constitute a 'histone code' in epigenetic regulation. Differential methylation of histone H3 and ...H4 lysyl residues regulates processes including heterochromatin formation, X-chromosome inactivation, genome imprinting, DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. The discovery of lysyl demethylases using flavin (amine oxidases) or Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate as cofactors (2OG oxygenases) has changed the view of methylation as a stable epigenetic marker. However, little is known about how the demethylases are selective for particular lysyl-containing sequences in specific methylation states, a key to understanding their functions. Here we reveal how human JMJD2A (jumonji domain containing 2A), which is selective towards tri- and dimethylated histone H3 lysyl residues 9 and 36 (H3K9me3/me2 and H3K36me3/me2), discriminates between methylation states and achieves sequence selectivity for H3K9. We report structures of JMJD2A-Ni(II)-Zn(II) inhibitor complexes bound to tri-, di- and monomethyl forms of H3K9 and the trimethyl form of H3K36. The structures reveal a lysyl-binding pocket in which substrates are bound in distinct bent conformations involving the Zn-binding site. We propose a mechanism for achieving methylation state selectivity involving the orientation of the substrate methyl groups towards a ferryl intermediate. The results suggest distinct recognition mechanisms in different demethylase subfamilies and provide a starting point to develop chemical tools for drug discovery and to study and dissect the complexity of reversible histone methylation and its role in chromatin biology.
Objectives
1) Examine angular insertion depths (AID) and scalar location of Med‐El (GmbH Innsbruck, Austria) electrodes; and 2) determine the relationship between AID and audiologic outcomes ...controlling for scalar position.
Study Design
Retrospective review.
Methods
Postlingually deafened adults undergoing cochlear implantation with Flex 24, Flex 28, and Standard electrode arrays (Med‐El) were identified. Patients with preoperative and postoperative computed tomography scans were included so that electrode location and AID could be determined. Outcome measures were 1) speech perception in the cochlear implant (CI)‐only condition, and 2) short‐term hearing preservation.
Results
Forty‐eight implants were included; all electrodes (48 of 48) were positioned entirely within the scala tympani. The median AID was 408° (interquartile IQ range 373°–449°) for Flex 24, 575° (IQ range 465°–584°) for Flex 28, and 584° (IQ range 368°–643°) for Standard electrodes (Med‐El). The mean postoperative CNC score was 43.7% ± 21.9. A positive correlation was observed between greater AID and better CNC performance (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Excluding patients with postoperative residual hearing, a strong correlation between AID and CNC persisted (r = 0.57, P < 0.001). In patients with preoperative residual hearing, mean low‐frequency pure‐tone average (PTA) shift was 27 dB ± 14. A correlation between AID and low‐frequency PTA shift at activation was noted (r = 0.41, P = 0.04).
Conclusion
Favorable rates of scala tympani insertion (100%) were observed. In the CI‐only condition, a direct correlation between greater AID and CNC score was noted regardless of postoperative hearing status. Deeper insertions were, however, associated with worse short‐term hearing preservation. When patients without postoperative residual hearing were analyzed independently, the relationship between greater insertion depth and better performance was strengthened.
Level of Evidence
4. Laryngoscope, 127:2352–2357, 2017
Objectives/Hypothesis
Three surgical approaches: cochleostomy (C), round window (RW), and extended round window (ERW); and two electrodes types: lateral wall (LW) and perimodiolar (PM), account for ...the vast majority of cochlear implantations. The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between surgical approach and electrode type with final intracochlear position of the electrode array and subsequent hearing outcomes.
Study Design
Comparative longitudinal study.
Methods
One hundred postlingually implanted adult patients were enrolled in the study. From the postoperative scan, intracochlear electrode location was determined and using rigid registration, transformed back to the preoperative computed tomography which had intracochlear anatomy (scala tympani and scala vestibuli) specified using a statistical shape model based on 10 microCT scans of human cadaveric cochleae. Likelihood ratio chi‐square statistics were used to evaluate for differences in electrode placement with respect to surgical approach (C, RW, ERW) and type of electrode (LW, PM).
Results
Electrode placement completely within the scala tympani (ST) was more common for LW than were PM designs (89% vs. 58%; P < 0.001). RW and ERW approaches were associated with lower rates of electrode placement outside the ST than was the cochleostomy approach (9%, 16%, and 63%, respectively; P < 0.001). This pattern held true regardless of whether the implant was LW or PM. When examining electrode placement and hearing outcome, those with electrode residing completely within the ST had better consonant‐nucleus‐consonant word scores than did patients with any number of electrodes located outside the ST (P = 0.045).
Conclusion
These data suggest that RW and ERW approaches and LW electrodes are associated with an increased likelihood of successful ST placement. Furthermore, electrode position entirely within the ST confers superior audiological outcomes.
Level Of Evidence
2b. Laryngoscope, 124:S1–S7, 2014
1) Investigate the impact of electrode type and surgical approach on scalar electrode location; and 2) examine the relation between electrode location and postoperative audiologic performance.
...Tertiary academic hospital.
Two hundred twenty post-lingually deafened adults undergoing cochlear implant (CI).
Primary outcome measures of interest were scalar electrode location and postoperative audiologic performance.
In 68% of implants, electrodes were observed to be located solely in the scala tympani (ST). Multivariate analysis demonstrated perimodiolar (PM) and mid-scala (MS) electrodes were 22.4 (95% CI: 6.3-80.0, p < 0.001) and 55.0 (95% CI: 9.7-312.8, p < 0.001) times more likely to have at least one electrode in the scala vestibuli (SV) compared with lateral wall (LW) electrodes, respectively. Compared with cochleostomy (C), round window (RW) and extended round window (ERW) approaches demonstrated 70% reduction in SV insertion (RW: OR 0.28, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8, p = 0.01; ERW: OR 0.28, 95% CI: 0.1-0.7, p = 0.005). Examining postoperative audiometric performance, consonant-nucleus-consonant (CNC) score increased 0.6% with every 10 degrees increase in angular insertion depth beyond the group minimum of 208 degrees (coefficient 0.0006, 95% CI: 0.0001-0.001, p = 0.03). SV insertion was associated with a 12% decrease in CNC score (coefficient -0.12, 95% CI: -0.22 to -0.02, p = 0.02). CNC score decreased 0.3% for every 1 year increase in age (coefficient -0.003, 95% CI: -0.006 to -0.0006, p = 0.02).
Electrode design and surgical approach were predictors of scalar electrode location. Specifically, LW electrodes showed higher rates of ST insertion compared with PM or MS. RW and ERW approaches showed higher rates of ST insertion when compared with C. In regards to performance, ST insertion, younger age, and greater angular insertion depth were predictors of improved CNC scores.
Microplastics (MPs) have gained a high degree of public interest since they are associated with the global release of plastics into the environment. Various studies have confirmed the presence of MPs ...throughout the food chain. However, information on the ingestion of MPs via the consumption of many commonly consumed foods like dairy products are scarce due to the lack of studies investigating the "contamination" of this food group by MPs. This lack of occurrence data is mainly due to the absence of robust analytical methods capable of reliably quantifying MPs with size < 20 µm in foods. In this work, a new methodology was developed to accurately determine and characterize MPs in milk-based products using micro-Raman (μRaman) technology, entailing combined enzymatic and chemical digestion steps. This is the first time that the presence of relatively low amounts of small-sized MP (≥ 5 µm) have been reported in raw milk collected at farm just after the milking machine and in some processed commercial liquid and powdered cow's milk products.
Objectif Le transporteur de zinc ZnT8 est un antigène majeur des cellules béta. Des études ont montré que les anticorps (Ac) anti-ZnT8 améliorent la sensibilité de détection des sujets diabétiques de ...type 1 (DT1) et des sujets avec un DT1 lent (LADA) en addition aux autres anticorps spécifiques des îlots de Langerhans. L’objectif était d’étudier l’apport diagnostique des Ac anti-ZNT8 dans une cohorte de « vraie vie » pédiatrique et adulte. Matériel et méthodes Cette étude rétrospective a inclus 516 patients (215 enfants et 301 adultes) pour lesquels un dosage des Ac anti-GAD, anti-IA2 et anti-ZnT8 a été réalisé. Les Ac anti-GAD et anti-ZnT8 ont été testés par Elisa (Medizym® , Medipan), les anti-IA2 ont été testés par Elisa (Medizym® , Medipan) ou par dosage radio-immunologique (Cisbiointernational). Résultats Parmi les 228 patients présentant un diabète auto-immun, les prévalences des Ac anti-GAD, anti-IA2 et anti-ZnT8 étaient respectivement de 64 %, 33 % et 48 %. 73 % des patients présentaient des Ac anti-GAD et/ou anti-IA2 positifs. En ajoutant les Ac anti-ZnT8, 81 % avaient au moins un Ac positif (augmentation de la sensibilité de détection de 8 %). Chez les patients testés à la découverte du diabète auto-immun ( n = 120, âge moyen : 11,36 ans), les Ac anti-ZnT8 étaient positifs chez 68 % des sujets et positifs de manière isolée chez 7 % des sujets. Conclusion Les Ac anti-ZnT8 augmentent la sensibilité de détection des sujets DT1 ou LADA en addition aux Ac anti-GAD et anti-IA2, et le couple Ac anti-GAD/anti-ZnT8 semble plus performant que le couple Ac anti-GAD/anti-IA2 pour détecter les diabètes auto-immuns.
A 59-year-old man with persistent fever, aphasia and leg pain Labbé, Benoît M; Harvey-Michaud, Pierre-Luc; Lafleur, Alexandre
Canadian Medical Association journal (CMAJ),
2021-Apr-12, 2021-04-12, 20210412, Letnik:
193, Številka:
15
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Labbe et al examine the case of a 59-year-old man with peripheral mycotic aneurysm adjacent to the deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The patient's enterococcal endocarditis began insidiously. His leukocyte ...count was within the reference range, as was found in 53% of patients in a retrospective cohort study. The patient's fibular aneurysm was caused by a septic embolus that created a focus of infection in the fibular artery wall, and it is possible that a small mycotic aneurysm was missed by the first ultrasonography. The local infection and inflammation may have caused a DVT in the contiguous posterior tibial vein. Compression by the growing mycotic aneurysm could explain the persistence of the DVT despite anticoagulation treatment.
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