Large-scale Synchrotron Rapid Scanning X-ray Fluorescence (SRS-XRF) elemental mapping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are applied here to fossil leaf material from the 50 Mya Green River Formation ...(USA) in order to improve our understanding of the chemistry of fossilized plant remains. SRS-XRF of fossilized animals has previously shown that bioaccumulated trace metals and sulfur compounds may be preserved in their original distributions and these elements can also act as biomarkers for specific biosynthetic pathways. Similar spatially resolved chemical data for fossilized plants is sparsely represented in the literature despite the multitude of other chemical studies performed. Here, synchrotron data from multiple specimens consistently show that fossil leaves possess chemical inventories consisting of organometallic and organosulfur compounds that: (1) map discretely within the fossils, (2) resolve fine scale biological structures, and (3) are distinct from embedding sedimentary matrices. Additionally, the chemical distributions in fossil leaves are directly comparable to those of extant leaves. This evidence strongly suggests that a significant fraction of the chemical inventory of the examined fossil leaf material is derived from the living organisms and that original bioaccumulated elements have been preserved in situ for 50 million years. Chemical information of this kind has so far been unknown for fossilized plants and could for the first time allow the metallome of extinct flora to be studied.
The anadromous allis shad Alosa alosa has suffered dramatic population declines throughout Europe and is currently considered as endangered throughout its entire distribution range. In order to ...reestablish allis shad in the River Rhine, which formerly housed one of the largest and most important populations, an EU‐LIFE Project ‘The re‐introduction of allis shad in the Rhine system’ was started in 2007. In course of the LIFE+ Projects, allis shad larvae bred from genitor fish of the Gironde–Garonne–Dordogne population in France were reared in a pilot ex situ stock plant pilot facility in Aßlar, Germany. At an age of 1–2 months, about 100% of these fish developed approximately 0.5‐ to 0.8‐cm large, fluid‐filled, transparent cysts in conjunction with the upper jaw. The performed microbiological, virological, parasitological and histological examinations did not detect any infectious agents. Possible causative agents are discussed with regard to environmental factors and the nutrition of larvae. In conclusion, the observed malformations are considered a sign for a severe health problem and therefore a risk for the successful breeding of allis shad in aquaculture.
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV‐3) is an alloherpesvirus, and it is the aetiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease. Although the complex morphogenic stages of the replication cycle of CyHV‐3 were ...shown to resemble that of other members of the Herpesvirales, detailed analysis of the sequence and timing of these events was not definitively determined. This study describes these features through a time course using cyprinid cell cultures (KF‐1 and CCB) infected with CyHV‐3 (KHV isolate, H361) and analysed by transmission electron microscopy. Rapid viral entry was noted, with high levels of intracellular virus within 1–4 h post‐infection (hpi). Intranuclear capsid assembly, paracrystalline array formation and primary envelopment of capsids occurred within 4 hpi. Between 1 and 3 days post‐infection (dpi), intracytoplasmic secondary envelopment occurred, as well as budding of infectious virions at the plasma membrane. At 5–7 dpi, the cytoplasm contained cytopathic vacuoles, enveloped virions within vesicles, and abundant non‐enveloped capsids; also there was frequent nuclear deformation. Several morphological features are suggestive of inefficient viral assembly, with production of non‐infectious particles, particularly in KF‐1 cells. The timing of this alloherpesvirus morphogenesis is similar to other members of the Herpesvirales, but there may be possible implications of using different cell lines for CyHV‐3 propagation.
Abstract Objectives Was produced nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HAnano ) and evaluated the influence of its incorporation in an adhesive resin. Methods HAnano was produced by a flame-based process ...and was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The surface area, particle size, micro-Raman and cytotoxicity were evaluated. The organic phase was formulated by mixing 50 wt.% Bis-GMA, 25 wt.% TEGDMA, and 25 wt.% HEMA. HAnano was added at seven different concentrations: 0; 0.5; 1; 2; 5; 10 and 20 wt.%. Adhesive resins with hydroxyapatite incorporation were evaluated for their radiopacity, degree of conversion, flexural strength, softening in solvent and microshear bond strength. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test ( α = 0.05), except for softening in solvent (paired t -test) and cytotoxicity (two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni). Results HAnano presented 15.096 m2 /g of specific surface area and a mean size of 26.7 nm. The radiopacity values were not different from those of 1-mm aluminium. The degree of conversion ranged from 52.2 to 63.8%. The incorporation of HAnano did not influence the flexural strength, which ranged from 123.3 to 143.4 MPa. The percentage of reduction of the microhardness after immersion in the solvent became lower as the HAnano concentration increased. The addition of 2% nanostructured hydroxyapatite resulted in a higher value of microshear bond strength than the control group ( p < 0.05). Conclusions The incorporation of 2% of nanostructured hydroxyapatite into an adhesive resin presented the best results. Clinical significance The incorporation of nanostructured hydroxyapatite increases the adhesive properties and may be a promising filler for adhesive resin.
Summary
The current study was undertaken in order to assess the risk that different ranaviruses might impose on European sheatfish aquaculture. As the European sheatfish virus (ESV) is a known ...pathogen causing losses in European sheatfish aquaculture, it was assumed that closely related exotic ranaviruses might also be able to infect European sheatfish and probably cause disease and mortality in this species. The differential susceptibility of European sheatfish (Silurus glanis) to various ranavirus isolates was assessed at two different temperatures (15°C and 25°C) in a recirculation system. Fish were infected experimentally with a panel of ranavirus isolates including ESV, European catfish virus (ECV), European catfish virus isolate 24 (ECV‐24), Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), Rana esculenta virus isolate Italy 282/ I02 (REV), short‐finned eel virus (SERV), Bohle iridovirus (BIV), guppy virus 6 (GV6), doctor fish virus (DFV) and Frog virus 3 (FV3). Significant mortalities were observed, as expected, in fish infected with ESV at 15°C (100%) as well as at 25°C (86/83%). Fish infected with ECV at 15°C showed no clinical signs of disease (8% mortality), whereas those fish infected at 25°C exhibited a cumulative mortality of 54%. Fatal disease was also induced by Italian isolate ECV‐24 at 25°C (81%). Virus isolates ESV, ECV and ECV‐24, generally the most genetically closely related viruses, were successfully isolated from dead fish by cell culture with subsequent identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. However, no mortality or clinical signs of disease were observed in the groups of sheatfish infected with the other ranaviruses investigated in the study, and none of those viruses were re‐isolated in cell culture or identified by PCR. It was concluded that European sheatfish are susceptible to infection with ESV, ECV and ECV‐24 under laboratory conditions, but not to infection with EHNV, REV, SERV, BIV, GV6, DFV or FV3. For ESV, the incubation period was shorter at 25°C compared to 15°C water temperature, but whereas all fish died after ESV infection at 15°C, some fish survived the infection at 25°C. Futhermore, the very young sheatfish were susceptible to ECV and ECV‐24 at 25°C, whereas there was no significant mortality in the group of older sheatfish challenged with ECV at 15°C. Therefore, the clinical characteristics of the disease seem to depend on the age of the fish as well as on the water temperature.
It has been suggested that monocytes/macrophages represent the pivotal cell type during early adaptive growth of pre‐existent arterial anastomoses toward functional collateral arteries ...(arteriogenesis) upon arterial occlusion. This hypothesis was supported by previous studies providing evidence that elevation of the peripheral monocyte count, increased monocyte survival (e.g., granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor), as well as enhanced attraction or adhesion (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1) of the latter cells correlates directly with the arteriogenic response to restore tissue perfusion. However, the experimental proof of the essential role of monocytes/macrophages remains to be given. We therefore hypothesized that arteriogenesis is reduced in a genuine, nonpharmocologically induced monocyte/macrophage‐deficient model of femoral artery occlusion in osteopetrotic (op/op) mice. Total leukocyte count did not differ between op/op mice and control (B6C3Fe a/a‐Csf1+/+) mice. op/op mice show a significant monocytopenia (0.67%±0.38% vs. 1.53%±0.32%), granulocytosis (33.66%±6.67% vs. 22.83±7.47%), and a concomitant, relative lymphopenia (65.67%±6.58% vs. 75.65%±7.31%). Microsphere‐based perfusion measurement 7 days after femoral artery occlusion demonstrated a significantly reduced perfusion restoration upon femoral artery occlusion in op/op mice as compared with controls (28.19%±0.91% vs. 47.88%±2.49%). The application of a novel method of high resolution (microfocus X‐ray system) angiography revealed a reduction of proliferation and diameter of collateral arteries. Quantitative immunohistology showed significantly lower numbers of macrophages in the surrounding tissue of proliferating arteries. This study provides additional evidence for the preeminent role of monocytes/macrophages during arteriogenesis in a genuine model of monocyte deficiency, i.e., without pharmacological intervention.
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with end stage renal disease undergoing renal replacement is linked to an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Dialysis does not completely ...prevent or correct this abnormality, and the evidence for kidney transplantation (KT) varies. This analysis aims to explore the relationship between KT and LVH.
MEDLINE and Scopus were systematically searched in October 2023. All cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria were included. Outcome was left ventricular mass index (LVMI) changes. We conducted a meta-analysis using a random effects model. Meta-regression was applied to examine the LVMI changes dependent on various covariates. Sensitivity analysis was used to handle outlying or influential studies and address publication bias.
From 7416 records, 46 studies met the inclusion criteria with 4122 included participants in total. Longitudinal studies demonstrated an improvement of LVMI after KT -0.44 g/m
(-0.60 to -0.28). Blood pressure was identified as a predictor of LVMI change. A younger age at the time of KT and well-controlled anemia were also associated with regression of LVH. In studies longitudinally comparing patients on dialysis and renal transplant recipients, no difference was detected -0.09 g/m
(-0.33 to 0.16). Meta-regression using changes of systolic blood pressure as a covariate showed an association between higher blood pressure and an increase in LVMI, regardless of the modality of renal replacement treatment.
In conclusion, our results indicated a potential cardiovascular benefit, defined as the regression of LVH, after KT. This benefit was primarily attributed to improved blood pressure control rather than the transplantation itself.
Correction to: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication 25 January 2017; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.271 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed an error in ...author affiliation 1. The correct affiliation is: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany.
: Two membrane glycoproteins acting as energy‐dependent efflux pumps, mdr‐encoded P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and the more recently described multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP), are known to ...confer cellular resistance to many cytotoxic hydrophobic drugs. In the brain, P‐gp has been shown to be expressed specifically in the capillary endothelial cells forming the blood‐brain barrier, but localization of MRP has not been well characterized yet. Using RT‐PCR and immunoblot analysis, we have compared the expression of P‐gp and Mrp1 in homogenates, isolated capillaries, primary cultured endothelial cells, and RBE4 immortalized endothelial cells from rat brain. Whereas the mdr1a P‐gp‐encoding mRNA was specifically detected in brain microvessels and mdr1b mRNA in brain parenchyma, mrp1 mRNA was present both in microvessels and in parenchyma. However, Mrp1 was weakly expressed in microvessels. Mrp1 expression was higher in brain parenchyma, as well as in primary cultured brain endothelial cells and in immortalized RBE4 cells. This Mrp1 overexpression in cultured brain endothelial cells was less pronounced when the cells were cocultured with astrocytes. A low Mrp activity could be demonstrated in the endothelial cell primary monocultures, because the intracellular 3Hvincristine accumulation was increased by several MRP modulators. No Mrp activity was found in the cocultures or in the RBE4 cells. We suggest that in rat brain, Mrp1, unlike P‐gp, is not predominantly expressed in the blood‐brain barrier endothelial cells and that Mrp1 and the mdr1b P‐gp isoform may be present in other cerebral cells.
Summary
Only single cells in the carrier fish species Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) for koi herpesvirus (KHV) are infected in contrast to large numbers in the susceptible species common carp ...Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758). Several species of the family Cyprinidae have been described as virus carrier species, showing no clinical signs of a KHV disease but able to transmit the virus to other susceptible fish. In this study, 72 common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), 36 tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758), 36 crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) and 36 common roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) were experimentally infected with KHV (isolate “Israel”) by immersion and kept at 20°C. The fish were euthanized at 12 timepoints over a period of 90 days and virus DNA was quantified in tissues by a real‐time TaqMan PCR. Whereas KHV‐DNA was found in Cyprinus carpio for up to 90 days, the virus DNA was detectable only in single individuals of Rutilus rutilus, Tinca tinca and Carassius carassius for up to 25 days after experimental virus exposure. Tissue samples of Cyprinus carpio and Carassius carassius were screened by in‐situ hybridization. Positive signals were found in various organs of the common carp tested crucian carp. In the latter species a much smaller number of virus‐positive stained cells was detected compared to the infected carp.
PDF
