In this paper, optical pulse encoding and decoding technology is proposed to enable real-time signaling in a passive optical network (PON) setting. Unique optical codes are assigned to selected ...optical network units (ONUs) equipped with the corresponding encoders. An out-of-band pulse train is broadcast from the optical line terminal (OLT) and is modulated by ONU-based switches. The encoded reflections of pulses are thus used to update the status of the OC-enabled queues at the OLT in real time. We explore the enhanced PON architecture and define its major design parameters. Through extensive simulations, we investigate the design principles and limits of our system parameters. Through a performance comparison of native interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time with its OC-enhanced counterpart, we show that our OC enhancement breaks the fundamental delay lower bound associated to the polling cycle. We propose and investigate new dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms that exploit real-time queue updates enabled through OC-enhanced polling. We also explore the pay-as-you-grow implementation of OC-enhanced polling to realize quality-of-service (QoS) differentiation, elaborate on possible migration paths from conventional PONs, and investigate absolute QoS performance guarantee improvements achieved through OC-enabled real-time DBA algorithms.
Sibling support Berisa, T
Bone marrow transplantation (Basingstoke),
03/2009, Letnik:
43, Številka:
S1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
When a child in a family gets cancer, the whole life turns up side down for them. The ill child takes all attention from all family members, friends' parents, professionals etc. tend to focus on the ...ill child. It can be incredibly hard for the siblings of a cancer patient, watch their brother or sister become very ill, whilst still managing to stay strong for the rest of the family and also deal with their own emotions. They are frequently neglected. Siblings have been identified as the most neglected and unhappy of all family members during the serious illnesses. They can feel physically and emotionally isolated and parents may have difficult in keeping them informed about treatment, and also taking care of the sibling donor and to give them information and preparation before the procedure. They may be more isolated if their friends do not know what to say, are afraid that cancer is contagious. The stress of the situation for the siblings may bring guilt behaviour changes there friendship in many ways. Siblings may seek someone they can speak with honestly and confidentially to. Parents remain siblings' most important support, but it may be unrealistic to expect that all parents can meet siblings` needs adequately while simultaneously dealing with their own fears and uncertainties. My main task as a sibling supporter is to care for healthy sisters and brothers. To be support and person they can talk honestly and confidentially with. Most parents have guilt for their healthy child and its relief for them when siblings support give there childe some attention for a whiled. We often leave the hospital for swimming, visit the movies, Mc Donald's, basketball or to se, ice hockey etc. The activities are sponsor by the local Swedish childhood cancer foundation. They support this project economically (the other part is the hospital).
In this letter, we present a passive optical network (PON) polling mechanism for services that require low-latency performance, which achieves delay performance gains reaching 57%. This is ...accomplished by decoupling the in-band report messages from the upstream data transmission time window and scheduling them separately in order to arrive immediately before a grant is to be transmitted from the optical line terminal (OLT). We analyze the details of this mechanism and provide discrete event simulation results to support the analysis. We emphasize that the proposed mechanisms maintain a statistical multiplexing approach (as opposed to a fixed window TDM approach), require only firmware upgrades at the OLT, can be rolled out on a per-ONU basis and come only at the cost of one extra guard time per ONU being polled in this manner.
This paper addresses the problem of providing absolute delay variation guarantees in passive optical networks and their optical coding enhanced counterparts. We analyze the components of frame delay ...variation in these settings and propose a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm that provides the optical line terminal with mechanisms to ensure that frame delay variation never breaches a predefined value. Furthermore, we provide simulation results and analyses to show that the proposed algorithm does not breach delay variation bounds. We also provide a lower bound analysis for providing absolute delay variation guarantees for both scenarios and show the duality between absolute delay and delay variation guarantees.
We present a distributed mechanism termed Adaptive Grant Extension (AGE) for grant-size adjustment in Optical Coding (OC)-enhanced Passive Optical Networks (OC-PONs). AGE exploits the real-time queue ...updates of OC-PONs to allow the Optical Network Unit (ONU) to extend its transmission beyond the grant provided by the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), thus reducing average frame delay. We discuss the parameters and requirements of AGE in OC-enhanced Ethernet PONs (EPONs). Our simulations show delay gains reaching 9% over OC-PONs.
We present a method to identify approximately independent blocks of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. These blocks enable automated analysis of multiple genome-wide association studies.
...code: http://bitbucket.org/nygcresearch/ldetect; data: http://bitbucket.org/nygcresearch/ldetect-data.
tberisa@nygenome.org
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Copper serves as a co-factor for a host of metalloenzymes that contribute to malignant progression. The orally bioavailable copper chelating agent tetrathiomolybdate (TM) has been associated with a ...significant survival benefit in high-risk triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Despite these promising data, the mechanisms by which copper depletion impacts metastasis are poorly understood and this remains a major barrier to advancing TM to a randomized phase II trial. Here, using two independent TNBC models, we report a discrete subpopulation of highly metastatic SOX2/OCT4+ cells within primary tumors that exhibit elevated intracellular copper levels and a marked sensitivity to TM. Global proteomic and metabolomic profiling identifies TM-mediated inactivation of Complex IV as the primary metabolic defect in the SOX2/OCT4+ cell population. We also identify AMPK/mTORC1 energy sensor as an important downstream pathway and show that AMPK inhibition rescues TM-mediated loss of invasion. Furthermore, loss of the mitochondria-specific copper chaperone, COX17, restricts copper deficiency to mitochondria and phenocopies TM-mediated alterations. These findings identify a copper-metabolism-metastasis axis with potential to enrich patient populations in next-generation therapeutic trials.
Cysteine acts both as a building unit for protein translation and as the limiting substrate for glutathione synthesis to support the cellular antioxidant system. In addition to transporter-mediated ...uptake, cellular cysteine can also be synthesized from methionine through the transsulfuration pathway. Here, we investigate the regulation of transsulfuration and its role in sustaining cell proliferation upon extracellular cysteine limitation, a condition reported to occur in human tumors as they grow in size. We observed constitutive expression of transsulfuration enzymes in a subset of cancer cell lines, while in other cells, these enzymes are induced following cysteine deprivation. We show that both constitutive and inducible transsulfuration activities contribute to the cellular cysteine pool and redox homeostasis. The rate of transsulfuration is determined by the cellular capacity to conduct methylation reactions that convert S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine. Finally, our results demonstrate that transsulfuration-mediated cysteine synthesis is critical in promoting tumor growth in vivo.
We performed a scan for genetic variants associated with multiple phenotypes by comparing large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 42 traits or diseases. We identified 341 loci (at a false ...discovery rate of 10%) associated with multiple traits. Several loci are associated with multiple phenotypes; for example, a nonsynonymous variant in the zinc transporter SLC39A8 influences seven of the traits, including risk of schizophrenia (rs13107325: log-transformed odds ratio (log OR) = 0.15, P = 2 × 10(-12)) and Parkinson disease (log OR = -0.15, P = 1.6 × 10(-7)), among others. Second, we used these loci to identify traits that have multiple genetic causes in common. For example, variants associated with increased risk of schizophrenia also tended to be associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, we developed a method to identify pairs of traits that show evidence of a causal relationship. For example, we show evidence that increased body mass index causally increases triglyceride levels.
The majority of tumor-infiltrating T cells exhibit a terminally exhausted phenotype, marked by a loss of self-renewal capacity. How repetitive antigenic stimulation impairs T cell self-renewal ...remains poorly defined. Here, we show that persistent antigenic stimulation impaired ADP-coupled oxidative phosphorylation. The resultant bioenergetic compromise blocked proliferation by limiting nucleotide triphosphate synthesis. Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in activated T cells was sufficient to suppress proliferation and upregulate genes linked to T cell exhaustion. Conversely, prevention of mitochondrial oxidative stress during chronic T cell stimulation allowed sustained T cell proliferation and induced genes associated with stem-like progenitor T cells. As a result, antioxidant treatment enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of chronically stimulated T cells. These data reveal that loss of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation limits T cell proliferation and effector function during chronic antigenic stimulation. Furthermore, treatments that maintain redox balance promote T cell self-renewal and enhance anti-tumor immunity.
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