According to the second of these, the diurnal sequence of daylight and night is the exact reverse of what the inhabitants of the Graeco-Roman oikoumene themselves experienced.16 Servius, following ...Virgil, placed the realm of the dead at the Antipodes. Somewhat later in Welsh literature, however, the Antipodes did indeed come to be associated with the Otherworld. ...according to the fourteenth-century poet Dafydd ap Gwilym the summer (i.e. the sunshine) goes to Annfwn, the Welsh Otherworld, in winter time, which suggests Annwfn's antipodean location.31 This Otherworld seems to be accessible only through a subterranean passage.32 These ideas are in line with the testimonies of Giraldus Cambrensis and Walter Map (and the non-Welsh version recorded by Gervase of Tilbury), and could ultimately be dependent on them. ...the reversal of the seasons described in Echtra Nerai undoubtedly refers to the realm of aes síde,49 providing a further example of an interpretation of the traditional Otherworld in terms of classical geographical/cosmological learning. The explanation for this curious feature can once again be sought in the adaptation of classical learning, most probably deriving from the same body of sources that account for the antipodean location of the Otherworld as found in the texts discussed above. ...Walter Map, in his account of the antipodean realm, describes the pigmy king as riding on a goat.61 This passage has often been compared to an almost contemporary Normaninfluenced mosaic portrait of Rex Arturus datable c.1163-5 in the cathedral at Otranto, which depicts the king riding a goat (although in this case not as a figure of diminutive size).62 This unusual depiction can probably be associated with the nexus of ideas discussed above, according to which Arthur is presented as ruler of an antipodean Otherworld,63 but now projected onto the celestial sphere.
A small hoard of Huşi-Vovrieşti coins deposited in a Danubian kantharos underneath a Late Iron Age house at the site of Josipovac – Selište near modern Osijek most likely represents a foundation ...deposit. As such, the cache was not meant to be retrieved, and its deposition was part of a ritual of a sort, one we cannot reconstruct with any certainty. The use of a container otherwise involved in ritualistic practises, funerary and ceremonial, perhaps also the ritual demonetisation of coins with chop-marks, as well as precise and consistent application of these chop-marks, all point to a ritualistic background to the deposition. The hoard was probably interred during the LT C1 period, i.e., during the second half of the 3rd or perhaps at the very beginning of the 2nd century BC. This date is supported by the lower chronological limit of the production of the Huşi-Vovrieşti coins, the fact that the container in which they were deposited was produced either in LT B2 or LT C1 period, with its latest possible date of usage not later than the early 2nd century BC, as well as on an analogy with the hoards of the Huşi-Vovrieşti coins deposited in the Scordiscan area that can be dated independently of this particular coin-type.
Manja ostava kovanica tipa Huşi-Vovrieşti odloženih u kantharos, pronađena ispod mlađeželjeznodobne kuće na lokalitetu Josipovac – Selište kraj Osijeka, najvjerojatnije predstavlja votivni depozit položen prilikom podizanja građevine. U tom smislu ovo odlaganje je smatrano konačnim, a bilo je dio ritualnoga obrasca kojega danas ne možemo rekonstruirati. Upotreba posude koja je inače bila upotrebljavana u ritualnoj praksi (u pogrebnom i ceremonijalnom kontekstu), možda i ritualna demonetizacija kovanica dubokim urezima, kao i precizna i dosljedna aplikacija tih ureza, sugeriraju ritualni kontekst odlaganja ostave. Ona je vjerojatno ukopana tijekom LT C1, tj. tijekom druge polovice 3. st. ili početkom 2. st. pr. Kr. Ovu dataciju podupiru donja kronološka granica produkcije kovanica tipa Huşi-Vovrieşti, činjenica da je posuda u kojoj su kovanice odložene izrađena u LT B2 ili LT C1 razdoblju, s ranim 2. st. pr. Kr. kao najkasnijim datumom upotrebe, kao i usporedba s ostavama kovanica tipa Huşi-Vovrieşti ukopanima na području pod kontrolom Skordiska koje je moguće datirati neovisno o predloženim datacijama toga tipa kovanica.
The Late Iron Age hillfort site of Kuzelin on Medvednica in south-western Pannonia has yielded a not negligible number of coins, most of which can be classified among the types that are traditionally ...labelled “Tauriscan”. A single coin can be categorized as an East Celtic type from Transdanubia, while two further coins were struck by pairs of dies that also occur in the Samobor–Okić hoard and were thus produced simultaneously with the bulk of the hoard, whereas the remainder can be classified as recently recognized group of coins produced in the Đurđevac (Gjurgjevac) tradition. The latter represent the debased and reduced in weight and size coins inspired by the tetradrachms deposited as the Đurđevac hoard. They were issued at various sites in south-western Pannonia, testifying to different phases of striking and local developments in their production. Two subtypes of such coins were recognized in the numismatic record of Kuzelin and are here separated out as Kuzelin A and B types. The date of these coins corresponds to the archaeological material excavated at the site, i.e., to the Lt D1 period, ca. 150/130−70/50 BC.
Na mlađeželjeznodobnom visinskom utvrđenom lokalitetu Kuzelin na Medvednici (jugozapadna Panonija) pronađen je nezanemarivi broj kovanica, većina kojih se može klasificirati, u tradicionalnim terminima, kao tauriščanski tipovi. Jedna kovanica može se kategorizirati kao istočnokeltski kov iz Transdanubije; dvije kovanice izrađene su parovima pečata koji se također pojavljuju u ostavi Samobor–Okić te su otkovane istovremeno s predmetima iz te ostave; preostale kovanice mogu se podvesti pod nedavno prepoznatu grupu kovanica izrađenih u đurđevačkoj tradiciji. Ova posljednja kategorija predstavlja devalvirane kovanice reducirane težine i promjera, čiji nastanak je inspiriran tetradrahmama odloženima u ostavi pronađenoj kod Đurđevca. Takve kovanice bile su producirane na različitim lokacijama u jugozapadnoj Panoniji, svjedočeći na taj način različitim fazama kovanja i lokalnim obrascima razvoja proizvodnje. Unutar numizmatičkog zapisa s Kuzelina bilo je moguće izdvojiti dva podtipa takvih kovanica, Kuzelin A i B. Kronološki položaj tih kovanica odgovara onome arheološkog materijala pronađenog na lokalitetu, tj. razdoblju Lt D1, oko 150./130. – 70./50. g. pr. Kr.
A small silver coin complementary to the Augentyp-Stamm Tauriscan obols was found in controlled archaeological excavations at the Lobor hillfort. The hillfort was fortified in the late La Tène ...period (Lt D), which is also the most likely depositional context of the coin, since the site was clearly not occupied during the early imperial age. It can be assumed that the coin was produced in the earlier part of late La Tène (Lt D1), in accordance with the presently accepted chronology of Tauriscan coins. Similar obols were found at comparable hillfort sites in the Tauriscan area, but, due to their small number and lack of secure stratigraphic contextualization, this phenomenon is not easily explained in terms of commercial exchange.
Abstract
It appears that Apollo’s identification with the physical sun is predominantly understood in modern scholarship as a philosophical interpretation of a traditional religious belief. More ...precisely, it is often understood as an application of physical allegoresis on the tenets of traditional religion and thus attributed to a later stratum of Greek thought. A new evaluation of ancient evidence presented here reveals that the Apollo-sun identification was present in Greek ethnographic context from the earliest period and cannot be reduced to a philosophical reinterpretation of traditional myth and religion. At the same time, the authors interested in the interpretation of traditional religion in terms of natural philosophy were especially prone to use the Apollo-sun identification in their works, since it was able to provide substantial support for their hermeneutic approach.
The City Museum Sisak has obtained a hoard of imitations of the drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium allegedly found in the nearby Odra Sisačka in the early 1980s. The coins are most likely ...subaerati, poorly executed with no legends on the reverses (save for the abbreviated city name DYP) and two legends on the obverses (one nonsensical). Curiously, their die axes are aligned and oriented to 12h, and they were produced by four different die
combinations. The distribution of both the original coins of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium and their imitations suggests that this hoard was almost certainly produced, and most likely also deposited, in the areas further to the east. The hoard is only the second example of a collective find consisting exclusively of imitations of the drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium (alongside the Romanian Troianul hoard), and the metrological analysis and comparative study alongside other similar hoards from Romania and Hungary has provided the means of dating the hoard in the early second half of the 1st c. BC.
Abstract
It appears that Apollo's identification with the physical sun is predominantly understood in modern scholarship as a philosophical interpretation of a traditional religious belief. More ...precisely, it is often understood as an application of physical allegoresis on the tenets of traditional religion and thus attributed to a later stratum of Greek thought. A new evaluation of ancient evidence presented here reveals that the Apollo-sun identification was present in Greek ethnographic context from the earliest period and cannot be reduced to a philosophical reinterpretation of traditional myth and religion. At the same time, the authors interested in the interpretation of traditional religion in terms of natural philosophy were especially prone to use the Apollo-sun identification in their works, since it was able to provide substantial support for their hermeneutic approach.
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