Violence is a serious public health issue and constitutes a historical social phenomenon with diverse causes and consequences, and multiple manifestations. The main victims continue to be populations ...left vulnerable and marginalised, where dimensions including gender, class, race and social belonging intersect. Although studies to explain the phenomenon of violence do address ethnic and racial issues, they tend not to consider violence as stemming also from institutional racism. This paper examines data from a qualitative and quantitative study drawing on focus groups and semi-structured interviews to evaluate symbolic and structural violence experienced by young black people from 15 to 29 years old residing in peripheral neighbourhoods of two Brazilian state capitals--Recife and Fortaleza. The focus is on their standpoints that situate the intersectionality, especially among race/skin colour, territorial belonging and class, in the very definition of identity. In both capitals, the young black people revealed a common reality: life projects constrained by economic limitations and by the concrete or symbolic demarcation of social spaces to which they are denied access.
The use of wood ash as a fertilizer is a practice that helps in the management of soil fertility. Our objective was to evaluate the potential use of wood ash on structural and productive ...characteristics of paiaguas grass ('Urochloa brizantha') pasture. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Rondonopolis, Brazilian Cerrado. Treatments were five wood ash doses: 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32 t ha-1 and two application strategies (wood ash incorporated into the soil and wood ash not-incorporated). Wood ash doses significantly affected (p<0.05) the evaluated response variables. Forage yield ranged from (mean +- standard error) 6.98+-0.34 to 8.99+-0.53 t DM ha-1. The highest productivity (11.10+-0.46 t DM ha-1) was obtained at a wood ash rate of 24 t ha-1. The leaf area index was also higher (9.39+-1.02) in the 24 t ha-1 wood ash dose. On the other hand, the leaf/stem ratio decreased with the application rate of wood ash and varied from 1.41+-0.05 to 1.09+-0.07 in the absence of wood ash (dose 0) and at the highest dose, respectively. In general, wood ash positively influenced (p<0.05) the structural characteristics and yield of 'U. brizantha' cv. Paiaguas. Wood ash doses that provided the highest crop yield were between 16 and 24 t ha-1. The incorporation of wood ash into the soil increased pasture regrowth time. Therefore, it is recommended to apply wood ash superficially in established pastures.
Peanuts ('Arachis hypogaea L.') are a high-protein alternative for making up for nutritional deficiencies. Adequate irrigation management is essential for greater productivity of this crop, ...especially in Brazilian Cerrado. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the productive characteristics of peanuts subjected to different irrigation levels under controlled conditions. The research was conducted in the Savannah region at the Federal University of Rondonopolis, in Rondonopolis - Mato Grosso, Brazil. The soil used to grow the peanuts was Oxisol. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, and submerging at 150% of field capacity) and five replications. The analyzed variables included the number of pods, number of grains per pod, pod dry mass, and dry mass of grains. The number of pods and the number of grains per pot fitted the increasing linear model as a function of different levels of field capacity. On the other hand, the pod dry mass and dry mass of grains per pod showed a quadratic regression behavior. Different levels of field capacity had a significant impact on peanut productivity. The treatment with 100% of field capacity yielded the best results in terms of peanut productivity and grain quality.
It is estimated that the livestock sector accounts for about 40% of the value of global agricultural production. Livestock plays an essential role in maintaining food security as the sector ...contributes around 13% of calories and 28% of protein demands required by humans worldwide. Fertilization of tropical pastures with wood ash emerges as a sustainable practice that can contribute to better nutrient cycling, increased production, and reduced dependence on mineral resources. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production characteristics of two 'Panicum maximum' grass cultivars fertilized with ash from wood grown in tropical soils of the Brazilian Cerrado. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement 5x2 with five doses of wood ash (0, 8, 16, 24, and 32 g kg-1) and two cultivars of 'Panicum maximum' (cv. BRS Zuri and cv. Mombasa), with six replications. The experiment was carried out in 5 dm3 pots for 120 days. The wood ash used in the experiment comes from the combustion of eucalyptus ('Eucalyptus' sp.) logs in a boiler. The application of wood ash in acidic tropical soils increased leaf area, tillering, leaf dry mass, stem dry mass, and root volume in Mombasa and BRS Zuri cultivars of 'Panicum maximum' grass, with maximum production at a dose of 32 g kg-1. The application of wood ash in acidic tropical soils offers potential as a sustainable strategy to increase production in forage production area for animal consumption in grazing, given the growing demand for beef. In addition, it properly and safely disposes of waste and recycles nutrients extracted by the crops.
Water availability, fertilizer management and crop rotation are fundamental to the sustainability of agriculture and food security. Thus, the objective of this study was the determination of crops ...coefficients, verification and comparison of methods of estimation and determination of the evapotranspiration of irrigated wheat. The experiment was carried out during two consecutive years, in which BRS 254 varieties were cultivated in 2016 and BRS 394 in the year 2017. The evapotranspiration was estimated and determined using the dual kc methodology, FAO-56, with plants grown in 12 lysimeters filled with soil monoliths, and the loss of water by evaporation measured by weighing small-lysimeters. Evapotranspiration was also determined by the water balance method. The results measured in the lysimeters (standard method) were compared with the data simulated by the dual kc method and determined by method of soil water balance, in order to determine the accuracy and efficiency of the methods used. The coefficients used to determine the efficiency of the methods were the RMSE, the RSR and the confidence index "c". The total evapotranspiration of the crop in both years of cultivation was 360 mm, with mean values of 3.87 mm d-1 for cultivar BRS 254 and 4.10 mm d-1 for cultivar BRS 394. The basal crops coefficients in the emergence, tillering, flowering, maturation and harvest stages were 0.42, 0.78, 0.94, 0.74 and 0.47 for cultivar BRS 254 and 0.28, 0.27, 0.65, 0.98 and 0.66 for cultivar BRS 394. The soil water evaporation coefficients at the respective stages are 0.72, 0.52, 0.39, 0.58 and 0.13 for cultivar BRS 254 and 1.04, 0.96, 0.65, 0.34 and 0.51 for cultivar BRS 394. Ke represents on average about 47% of the evapotranspiration of the irrigated wheat crop. Between methods tested, lysimeter is the best to wheat transpiration followed by FAO method and soil water balance. The use of any methods should consider the objectives and resources availability.
This research aimed to evaluate the amending potential of eucalyptus's wood ash on soil chemical properties and soil-water potential. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal ...University of Mato Grosso, campus in Rondonopolis. The experimental design was composed of randomized blocks in a 5x5 factorial scheme, including five soil-water potentials (-4, -8, -16, -32 and -64 kPa), and five wood ash doses (0; 8; 16; 24 and 32 g dm-3). The soil samples were collected from the top layer of an Oxisol under natural Cerrado vegetation. Mung bean ('Vigna radiata' L.) growth variables (plant height, numbers of leaves, stem diameter, and SPAD index) were analyzed at three different phenological periods. In general, the wood ash doses increased soil pH, eliminated the exchangeable aluminum, and improved soil essential nutrients availability. As a result, mung bean plants responded positively to wood ash, achieving superior results at doses ranging from 24 to 26 g dm-3. The interaction between wood ash doses and soil water potential was not significant. However, drier soil conditions constrained plant growth severely. According to our experimental conditions, plant growth variables achieved higher performance at soil water potential of -4 kPa.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of the herbicide 2,4-D in the Neosol. We conducted the experiment in a greenhouse using the soybean crop as a bioindicator. A ...randomized block design with 5 x 3 factorial scheme composed of five application periods before sowing (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days) and three simulated rain (0 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm), with four repetitions was conducted. The herbicide dose was 1500 g a.i. ha-1, the rainfall was simulated one hour after pulverization. Twelve hours after the last rain simulation, Cv. TMG ANTA 82 RR was sown, and pot moisture remained at 80% of pot capacity throughout the experiment. Herbicide in the soil was evaluated by visual plant phyto-intoxication, plant height, shoot fresh mass and root fresh mass, and shoot dry mass and root dry mass at 26 days after sowing. Statistical analysis was performed according to the polynomial regression model. The application of herbicides in dry soils that remained without rain during the first hours resulted in greater residual effect on the soil (0 mm of rain). The occurrence of higher humidity accelerated the degradation of the herbicide in the soil (30 mm of rain). Longer periods between application and sowing provided more significant increments. The herbicide's toxic effects reduced linearly as started from 12 days before sowing. The 2,4-D showed low persistence in the soil, and 12 days was observed to represent a safe time length between spraying and sowing, regardless of the occurrence of rainfall. The soybean was a good indicator of 2,4-D.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the average concentration of macronutrients in the rainy periods in 'Urochloa brizantha' pasture fertilized with doses of wood ash associated with ...application management. Experiment was carried out in the field condition in two years at a degraded pasture in the Brazilian Cerrado (Tropical savanna). Experimental design was a 6x2 factorial scheme, corresponding to six doses of plant ash (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 t ha-1) associated with two treatments of wood ash: light application and superficial grade (without incorporation) with four replicates. The wood ash was derived from the industrial boiler combustion of plant materials. Average concentration of the macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur) were measured in plants. The analyzes of Marandu grass during the rainy season was evaluated from each evaluation year. The mean nutrient concentrations per year were calculated after the nutritional evaluation of four pasture cuttings. It was verified that the wood ash improves the nutritional quality of the recovering pasture. the wood ash doses between 9 and 12 t ha-1 presented greater nutrient concentration in plants. The incorporation of the wood ash in the soil assisted to better nutrient availability to the Marandu grass. The nutritive value of pasture depends on the applied ash quality as an alternative fertilizer.
Correct management of water and fertilizers can enable the profitable and ecologically correct cultivation of pout pepper ('Capsicum chinense'). In this context, the objective of this study was to ...assess the effect of drip irrigation depths and nitrogen doses on the cultivation of pout pepper in a 'Latossolo Vermelho' (Oxisol) of the Cerrado region. The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized block design, at the Federal University of Mato Grosso -Campus of Rondonopolis. The treatments were five irrigation depths (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of ETc) and five nitrogen doses (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1), with 4 replicates. Fresh and dry weights of fruits, number of fruits, plant yield and water productivity were analyzed. Nitrogen fertilization caused significant differences in fresh and dry weights of fruits (873.95 and 133.03 g plant-1), respectively, as well as in the number of fruits (319.05 fruits plant-1) and plant yield (14.9 t ha-1). Water productivity showed a response surface with a stationary point of minimum (7.13 kg L-1). Adequate doses of nitrogen and irrigation depths promote good development of pout pepper cultivated in 'Latossolo Vermelho' (Oxisol) of the Cerrado region.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of liquid swine manure (LSM) as fertilization in the implantation of Urochloa ruziziensis. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five ...treatments and four replications, with the treatments being four doses of LSM (0; 100; 200 and 300 m3 ha-1) and one dose of mineral fertilization. Seven cuts were carried out uniformly, after which plant height (PH), total dry mass yield (TDMY), crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), macromineral extraction (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and microminerals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) of plants were evaluated every 30 days. Mineral fertilization provided higher PH, CP content and extraction of N and S, but lower NDF content. For ADF variable, there was no difference between treatments. The results of dry mass yield (DMY) and extractions of P, K, Ca and Mn showed that the effect of 300 m3 ha-1 LSM was statistically equal to mineral fertilization. For extractions of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu doses of 200 and 300 m3 ha-1 did not differ statistically from mineral fertilization. Among the doses of LSM, there was increasing linear effect, with increases in the variables DMY (30.89%), PH (14.94%), CP (17%), N (53.01%), P (40.79%), K (27.84%), Ca (35.17%), Mg (29.6%), S (47.13%), Fe (31.2%), Zn (31.6%) and Mn (23.04%). For Cu extraction, there was a quadratic effect with the highest extraction in the dose of 26.36 m3, obtaining an increase of 19.94% in relation to treatment without application. It is important to study different LSM dosages to avoid risk of heavy metal toxicity. The LSM is an alternative in place of mineral fertilization for Urochloa ruziziensis grass.
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