The relationship between living in impoverished neighborhoods and poor health is well established, but impacts of neighborhood stigma on health are not well understood. Drawing on long-term research ...with Latino immigrants, we examine how neighborhood stigma and social bonding affect health in Phoenix, Arizona. During preliminary ethnographic analysis, we developed a novel neighborhood stigma scale. In survey research, we examined effects of neighborhood stigma and social bonding on self-reported physical and mental health. Regression models show that perceived neighborhood stigma and low social bonding are associated with poorer physical and mental health, controlling for other factors.
Phosgene in the atmosphere is produced via the degradation of carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and a number of chlorine‐containing very short lived substances (VSLS). These VSLS are not ...regulated by the Montreal Protocol even though they contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion. While observations of VSLS can quantify direct stratospheric source gas injection, observations of phosgene in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere can be used as a marker of product gas injection of chlorine‐containing VSLS. In this work we report upper troposphere/lower stratosphere measurements of phosgene made by the ACE‐FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) instrument and compare with results from the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT three‐dimensional chemical transport model to constrain phosgene trends over the 2004–2016 period. The 13‐year ACE‐FTS time series provides the first observational evidence for an increase in chlorine product gas injection. In 2016, VSLS accounted for 27% of modeled stratospheric phosgene, up from 20% in the mid‐2000s.
Plain Language Summary
Atmospheric phosgene, a chlorine‐containing molecule, is produced via the degradation of the reasonably long lived species carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform, and a number of very short lived substances (VSLS), including dichloromethane, chloroform, and tetrachloroethene. Whereas the former are regulated by the Montreal Protocol because they contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion, these latter species are not. It is therefore important that we continue to monitor VSLS and the degradation products to determine how much additional chlorine, which catalyzes the destruction of ozone, is reaching the stratosphere. VSLS can either reach the stratosphere directly, via so‐called source gas injection, or degrade in the troposphere into products such as phosgene, which are then delivered into the stratosphere via so‐called product gas injection (PGI). Monitoring phosgene in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere is therefore a marker for PGI due to chlorine‐containing VSLS. In this work we report measurements of phosgene in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere made by the ACE‐FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) instrument. The 13‐year ACE‐FTS time series provides the first observational evidence for an increase in chlorine PGI, which has been predicted by atmospheric models.
Key Points
A 13‐year global time series of phosgene in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere is presented from ACE‐FTS data
The observations provide evidence for an increase in phosgene in the upper troposphere and an overall decrease in the stratosphere
The increase in the upper troposphere is consistent with the increase in chlorine product gas injection predicted by a 3‐D model
We interpret observations of trace‐gases from three satellite platforms to provide top‐down constraints on the production of NO by lightning. The space‐based observations are tropospheric NO2 columns ...from SCIAMACHY, tropospheric O3 columns from OMI and MLS, and upper tropospheric HNO3 from ACE‐FTS. A global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) is used to identify locations and time periods in which lightning would be expected to dominate the trace gas observations. The satellite observations are sampled at those locations and time periods. All three observations exhibit a maximum in the tropical Atlantic region and a minimum in the tropical Pacific. This wave‐1 pattern is driven by injection of lightning NO into the upper troposphere over the tropical continents, followed by photochemical production of NO2, HNO3, and O3 during transport. Lightning produces a broad enhancement over the tropical Atlantic and Africa of 2–6 × 1014 molecules NO2 cm−2, 4 × 1017 molecules O3 cm−2 (15 Dobson Units), and 125 pptv of upper tropospheric HNO3. The lightning background is 25–50% weaker over the tropical Pacific. A global source of 6 ± 2 Tg N yr−1 from lightning in the model best represents the satellite observations of tropospheric NO2, O3, and HNO3.
The emerging discipline of urban ecology is shifting focus from ecological processes embedded within cities to integrative studies of large urban areas as biophysical-social complexes. Yet this ...discipline lacks a theory. Results from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, part of the Long Term Ecological Research Network, expose new assumptions and test existing assumptions about urban ecosystems. The findings suggest a broader range of structural and functional relationships than is often assumed for urban ecological systems. We address the relationships between social status and awareness of environmental problems, and between race and environmental hazard. We present patterns of species diversity, riparian function, and stream nitrate loading. In addition, we probe the suitability of land-use models, the diversity of soils, and the potential for urban carbon sequestration. Finally, we illustrate lags between social patterns and vegetation, the biogeochemistry of lawns, ecosystem nutrient retention, and social-biophysical feedbacks. These results suggest a framework for a theory of urban ecosystems.
In this paper, we present an optimized retrieval strategy for carbonyl sulfide (OCS), using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar observations made at the high-altitude Jungfraujoch station in the ...Swiss Alps. More than 200 lines of the ν3 fundamental band of OCS have been systematically evaluated and we selected 4 microwindows on the basis of objective criteria minimizing the effect of interferences, mainly by solar features, carbon dioxide and water vapor absorption lines, while maximizing the information content. Implementation of this new retrieval strategy provided an extended time series of the OCS abundance spanning the 1995–2015 time period, for the study of the long-term trend and seasonal variation of OCS in the free troposphere and stratosphere.
Three distinct periods characterize the evolution of the tropospheric partial columns: a first decreasing period (1995–2002), an intermediate increasing period (2002–2008), and the more recent period (2008–2015) which shows no significant trend. Our FTIR tropospheric and stratospheric time series are compared with new in situ gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) measurements performed by Empa (Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology) at the Jungfraujoch since 2008, and with space-borne solar occultation observations by the ACE-FTS instrument on-board the SCISAT satellite, respectively, and they show good agreement. The OCS signal recorded above Jungfraujoch appears to be closely related to anthropogenic sulfur emissions.
•An approach for retrieving OCS from ground-based infrared spectra is presented.•The OCS trend over 1995–2015 is characterized.•A non-monotonic long-term evolution of OCS with time is observed.•Comparison with satellite and in situ surface measurements is included.
The purpose of this study was to compare blood loss and operative times associated with long versus short intramedullary nails for intertrochanteric fracture fixation and rate of periprosthetic ...fracture.
A retrospective study.
Level 1 trauma center.
One hundred ninety-four patients with an intertrochanteric fracture (AO/OTA class 31-A1 and A2) and low-energy mechanism of injury treated by 1 of 4 fellowship-trained orthopaedic traumatologists.
Short versus long intramedullary nail.
Medical records were reviewed for age, gender, estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion rate, operative time, length of stay, and incidence of periprosthetic fracture. Variables were statistically compared between long and short intramedullary nails, with statistical significance at P < 0.05.
The average EBL (135.5 ± 91.9 mL) and transfusion rate (57.1%) for long nails were found to be significantly greater (P = 0.002) than the EBL (92.6 ± 47.2 mL) and transfusion rate (40.2%) for short nails. Average operative time was also found to be significantly greater (P < 0.001) for long (56.8 ± 19.4 minutes) than for short (44.0 ± 10.7 minutes) intramedullary nail procedures. The overall incidence of periprosthetic fracture was 0.5%, one patient with initial treatment of a long intramedullary nail.
Statistically significant lower operative time, EBL, and transfusion rate were found in this study for short intramedullary nails. There were no differences seen in length of stay or periprosthetic fracture. The incidence of periprosthetic fracture was very low in both cohorts. Further study with greater statistical power is needed.
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Urgent sustainability challenges require effective leadership for inter- and trans-disciplinary (ITD) institutions. Based on the diverse experiences of 20 ITD institutional leaders and specific case ...studies, this article distills key lessons learned from multiple pathways to building successful programs. The lessons reflect both the successes and failures our group has experienced, to suggest how to cultivate appropriate and effective leadership, and generate the resources necessary for leading ITD programs. We present two contrasting pathways toward ITD organizations: one is to establish a new organization and the other is to merge existing organizations. We illustrate how both benefit from a real-world focus, with multiple examples of trajectories of ITD organizations. Our diverse international experiences demonstrate ways to cultivate appropriate leadership qualities and skills, especially the ability to create and foster vision beyond the status quo; collaborative leadership and partnerships; shared culture; communications to multiple audiences; appropriate monitoring and evaluation; and perseverance. We identified five kinds of resources for success: (1) intellectual resources; (2) institutional policies; (3) financial resources; (4) physical infrastructure; and (5) governing boards. We provide illustrations based on our extensive experience in supporting success and learning from failure, and provide a framework that articulates the major facets of leadership in inter- and trans-disciplinary organizations: learning, supporting, sharing, and training.
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are mostly zinc-containing metalloenzymes which catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of carbon dioxide/bicarbonate. The CAs have been extensively studied ...because of their broad physiological importance in all kingdoms of life and clinical relevance as drug targets. In particular, human CA isoform II (HCA II) has a catalytic efficiency of 108 M-1 s-1, approaching the diffusion limit. The high catalytic rate, relatively simple procedure of expression and purification, relative stability and extensive biophysical studies of HCA II has made it an exciting candidate to be incorporated into various biomedical applications such as artificial lungs, biosensors and CO2 sequestration systems, among others. This review highlights the current state of these applications, lists their advantages and limitations, and discusses their future development.
•Global shifts in urban processes place cities in crisis.•Sustainability provides a social vision for transformations of cities.•Ecological processes in urban areas are crucial for ...resilience.•Transformations toward sustainability can a “metacity,” framework.
There is growing urgency to enhance the sustainability of existing and emerging cities. The science of ecology, especially as it interacts with disciplines in the social sciences and urban design, has contributions to make to the sustainable transformation of urban systems. Not all possible urban transformations may lead toward sustainability. Ecological science helps identify components of resilience that can favor transformations that are more sustainable. To summarize the dynamics and choices involved in sustainable transformations, a “metacity” framework is presented, embracing ecological processes in cities as complementary to those involving society, power, and economy.
Achieving integration Robinson, Jessica L.; Manrodt, Karl; Murfield, Monique Lynn ...
The international journal of logistics management,
10/2018, Letnik:
29, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a dual pathway model whereby addressing the question, “What are the effects of supply chain orientation and organizational identification on ...internal integration and supplier integration?”.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey design was performed to collect data from supply chain professionals regarding their organization’s supply chain orientation (SCO), organizational identification (OI) and achieved states of both internal and supplier integration. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling was performed to test the dual mediating pathways.
Findings
The results show that internal integration partially mediates relationships between SCO and supplier integration and for OI and supplier integration. In comparing the mediating effects to test competing theories, the SCO path yields stronger complementary partial mediation. This supports the proposition that SCO and OI mutually exist within an organization and influence achieved integrative behaviors. Additionally, results suggest the behavioral spillover effect exists for an internally integrated organization that has also achieved supplier integration.
Originality/value
This research makes several contributions to extant literature, including finding that SCO contributes to levels of achieved integration. Also, this research theoretically integrates literature on the social dilemma associated with supplier integration and the behavioral spillover effect, suggesting that SCO allows for positive internal integrative behaviors to spillover to integrated suppliers. Finally, this research contributes to research on OI by finding achieved integration is an outcome, which refutes a dominate theory that explains OI facilitates negative behaviors toward external organizations.
PDF
