Local interstellar spectra (LIS) for protons, helium, and antiprotons are built using the most recent experimental results combined with state-of-the-art models for propagation in the Galaxy and ...heliosphere. Two propagation packages, GALPROP and HelMod, are combined to provide a single framework that is run to reproduce direct measurements of cosmic-ray (CR) species at different modulation levels and at both polarities of the solar magnetic field. To do so in a self-consistent way, an iterative procedure was developed, where the GALPROP LIS output is fed into HelMod, providing modulated spectra for specific time periods of selected experiments to compare with the data; the HelMod parameter optimization is performed at this stage and looped back to adjust the LIS using the new GALPROP run. The parameters were tuned with the maximum likelihood procedure using an extensive data set of proton spectra from 1997 to 2015. The proposed LIS accommodate both the low-energy interstellar CR spectra measured by Voyager 1 and the high-energy observations by BESS, Pamela, AMS-01, and AMS-02 made from the balloons and near-Earth payloads; it also accounts for Ulysses counting rate features measured out of the ecliptic plane. The found solution is in a good agreement with proton, helium, and antiproton data by AMS-02, BESS, and PAMELA in the whole energy range.
The local interstellar spectrum (LIS) of cosmic-ray (CR) electrons for the energy range 1 MeV to 1 TeV is derived using the most recent experimental results combined with the state-of-the-art models ...for CR propagation in the Galaxy and in the heliosphere. Two propagation packages, GALPROP and HelMod, are combined to provide a single framework that is run to reproduce direct measurements of CR species at different modulation levels, and at both polarities of the solar magnetic field. An iterative maximum-likelihood method is developed that uses GALPROP-predicted LIS as input to HelMod, which provides the modulated spectra for specific time periods of the selected experiments for model-data comparison. The optimized HelMod parameters are then used to adjust GALPROP parameters to predict a refined LIS with the procedure repeated subject to a convergence criterion. The parameter optimization uses an extensive data set of proton spectra from 1997 to 2015. The proposed CR electron LIS accommodates both the low-energy interstellar spectra measured by Voyager 1 as well as the high-energy observations by PAMELA and AMS-02 that are made deep in the heliosphere; it also accounts for Ulysses counting rate features measured out of the ecliptic plane. The interstellar and heliospheric propagation parameters derived in this study agree well with our earlier results for CR protons, helium nuclei, and anti-protons propagation and LIS obtained in the same framework.
To characterize HIV-infected patients with neurosymptomatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 'escape', defined as detectable CSF HIV RNA in the setting of treatment-suppressed plasma levels or CSF RNA more ...than 1-log higher than plasma RNA.
Retrospective case series.
Four urban medical centers in the United States and Europe.
Virologically controlled HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with progressive neurologic abnormalities who were determined to have CSF 'escape'. INTERVENTION Optimization of ART based upon drug susceptibility and presumed central nervous system exposure.
Levels of CSF HIV RNA and inflammatory markers, clinical signs and symptoms, and MRI findings.
Ten patients presented with new neurologic abnormalities, which included sensory, motor, and cognitive manifestations. Median CSF HIV RNA was 3900 copies/ml (range 134-9056), whereas median plasma HIV RNA was 62 copies/ml (range <50 to 380). Median CD4 T-cell count was 482 cells/μl (range 290-660). All patients had been controlled to less than 500 copies/ml for median 27.5 months (range 2-96) and five of 10 had been suppressed to less than 50 copies/ml for median 19.5 months (range 2-96). Patients had documentation of a stable ART regimen for median 21 months (range 9-60). All had CSF pleocytosis or elevated CSF protein; seven of eight had abnormalities on MRI; and six of seven harbored CSF resistance mutations. Following optimization of ART, eight of nine patients improved clinically.
The development of neurologic symptoms in patients on ART with low or undetectable plasma HIV levels may be an indication of CSF 'escape'. This study adds to a growing body of literature regarding this rare condition in well controlled HIV infection.
The cosmic rays propagation inside the heliosphere is well described by a transport equation introduced by Parker in 1965. To solve this equation, several approaches were followed in the past. ...Recently, a Monte Carlo approach became widely used in force of its advantages with respect to other numerical methods. In this approach the transport equation is associated to a fully equivalent set of stochastic differential equations (SDE). This set is used to describe the stochastic path of quasi‐particle from a source, e.g., the interstellar space, to a specific target, e.g., a detector at Earth. We present a comparison of forward‐in‐time and backward‐in‐time methods to solve the cosmic rays transport equation in the heliosphere. The Parker equation and the related set of SDE in the several formulations are treated in this paper. For the sake of clarity, this work is focused on the one‐dimensional solutions. Results were compared with an alternative numerical solution, namely, Crank‐Nicolson method, specifically developed for the case under study. The methods presented are fully consistent each others for energy greater than 400 MeV. The comparison between stochastic integrations and Crank‐Nicolson allows us to estimate the systematic uncertainties of Monte Carlo methods. The forward‐in‐time stochastic integrations method showed a systematic uncertainty <5%, while backward‐in‐time stochastic integrations method showed a systematic uncertainty <1% in the studied energy range.
Key Points
Quantitative comparison of backward‐forward‐in‐time cosmic rays transport Monte Carlo methods
Estimation of systematic error of both methods for spectra at 1 AU for energies above 1 GV
Backward‐in‐time method is suited for predicting modulated spectra for high‐precision experiments
Local interstellar spectra (LIS) of secondary cosmic-ray (CR) nuclei, lithium, beryllium, boron, and partially secondary nitrogen, are derived in the rigidity range from 10 MV to ∼200 TV using the ...most recent experimental results combined with state-of-the-art models for CR propagation in the Galaxy and in the heliosphere. The lithium spectrum appears somewhat flatter at high energies compared to other secondary species, which may imply a primary lithium component. Two propagation packages, GALPROP and HelMod, are combined to provide a single framework that is run to reproduce direct measurements of CR species at different modulation levels, and at both polarities of the solar magnetic field. An iterative maximum-likelihood method is developed that uses GALPROP-predicted LIS as input to HelMod, which provides the modulated spectra for specific time periods of the selected experiments for the model-data comparison. The proposed LIS accommodates the low-energy interstellar spectra measured by Voyager 1, the High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-3 (HEAO-3), and the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer on board of the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE/CRIS), as well as the high-energy observations by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA), Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02), and earlier experiments that are made deep in the heliosphere. The interstellar and heliospheric propagation parameters derived in this study are consistent with our earlier results for propagation of CR protons, helium, carbon, oxygen, antiprotons, and electrons.
Abstract
Composition and spectra of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are vital for studies of high-energy processes in a variety of environments and on different scales, for interpretation of
γ
-ray and ...microwave observations, for disentangling possible signatures of new phenomena, and for understanding of our local Galactic neighborhood. Since its launch, AMS-02 has delivered outstanding-quality measurements of the spectra of
,
, and nuclei:
1
H–
8
O,
10
Ne,
12
Mg,
14
Si. These measurements resulted in a number of breakthroughs; however, spectra of heavier nuclei and especially low-abundance nuclei are not expected until later in the mission. Meanwhile, a comparison of published AMS-02 results with earlier data from HEAO-3-C2 indicates that HEAO-3-C2 data may be affected by undocumented systematic errors. Utilizing such data to compensate for the lack of AMS-02 measurements could result in significant errors. In this paper we show that
a fraction
of HEAO-3-C2 data
match
available AMS-02 measurements quite well and can be used together with Voyager 1 and ACE-CRIS data to make
predictions
for the local interstellar spectra (LIS) of nuclei that are not yet released by AMS-02. We are also updating our already-published LIS to provide a complete set from
1
H–
28
Ni in the energy range from 1 MeV nucleon
−1
to ∼100–500 TeV nucleon
−1
, thus covering 8–9 orders of magnitude in energy. Our calculations employ the G
al
P
rop
–H
el
M
od
framework, which has proved to be a reliable tool in deriving the LIS of CR
,
e
−
, and nuclei
1
H–
8
O.
Local interstellar spectra (LIS) of primary cosmic ray (CR) nuclei, such as helium, oxygen, and mostly primary carbon are derived for the rigidity range from 10 MV to ∼200 TV using the most recent ...experimental results combined with the state-of-the-art models for CR propagation in the Galaxy and in the heliosphere. Two propagation packages, GALPROP and HelMod, are combined into a single framework that is used to reproduce direct measurements of CR species at different modulation levels, and at both polarities of the solar magnetic field. The developed iterative maximum-likelihood method uses GALPROP-predicted LIS as input to HelMod, which provides the modulated spectra for specific time periods of the selected experiments for model-data comparison. The interstellar and heliospheric propagation parameters derived in this study are consistent with our prior analyses using the same methodology for propagation of CR protons, helium, antiprotons, and electrons. The resulting LIS accommodate a variety of measurements made in the local interstellar space (Voyager 1) and deep inside the heliosphere at low (ACE/CRIS, HEAO-3) and high energies (PAMELA, AMS-02).
HelMod is a Monte Carlo code developed to describe the transport of Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) through the heliosphere from the interstellar space to the Earth. In the current HelMod version 4 the ...modulation process, based on Parker’s equation, is applied to the propagation of GCRs in the inner and outer heliosphere, i.e., including the heliosheath. HelMod was proved to reproduce protons, nuclei and electrons cosmic rays spectra observed during solar cycles 23–24 by several detectors, for instance, PAMELA, BESS and AMS-02. In particular, the unprecedented accuracy of AMS-02 observations allowed one a better tuning of the description regarding the solar modulation mechanisms implemented in HelMod. In addition, HelMod demonstrated to be capable of reproducing the fluxes observed by the Voyager probes in the inner and outer regions of heliosphere up to its border.
A propagation model of galactic cosmic protons through the heliosphere was implemented using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo approach to determine the differential intensities of protons during solar ...cycle 23. The model includes the effects due to the variation of solar activity during the propagation of cosmic rays from the boundary of the heliopause down to Earth's position. Drift effects are also accounted for. The simulated spectra were found to be in agreement with those obtained from experimental observations carried out by the BESS, AMS, and PAMELA collaborations. In addition, the modulated spectrum determined with the present code for the year 1995 exhibits the latitudinal gradient and equatorial southward offset minimum found by the Ulysses fast scan in 1995.
Since its launch, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02) has delivered outstanding quality measurements of the spectra of cosmic-ray (CR) species (
,
, and nuclei,
H-
O,
Ne,
Mg,
Si) which ...resulted in a number of breakthroughs. One of the latest long-awaited surprises is the spectrum of
Fe just published by AMS-02. Because of the large fragmentation cross section and large ionization energy losses, most of CR iron at low energies is local and may harbor some features associated with relatively recent supernova (SN) activity in the solar neighborhood. Our analysis of the new AMS-02 results, together with Voyager 1 and ACE-CRIS data, reveals an unexpected bump in the iron spectrum and in the Fe/He, Fe/O, and Fe/Si ratios at 1-2 GV, while a similar feature in the spectra of He, O, and Si and in their ratios is absent, hinting at a local source of low-energy CRs. The found excess extends the recent discoveries of radioactive
Fe deposits in terrestrial and lunar samples and in CRs. We provide an updated local interstellar spectrum (LIS) of iron in the energy range from 1 MeV nucleon
to ~10 TeV nucleon
. Our calculations employ the GALPROP-HELMOD framework, which has proved to be a reliable tool in deriving the LIS of CR
,
, and nuclei
⩽ 28.
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