Compared to zinc oxide grown (ZnO) on flat glass, rough etched glass substrates decrease the sheet resistance (
R
sq) of zinc oxide layers grown on it. We explain this
R
sq reduction from a higher ...thickness and an improved electron mobility for ZnO layers deposited on rough etched glass substrates. When using this etched glass substrate, we also obtain a large variety of surface texture by changing the thickness of the ZnO layer grown on it. This new combination of etched glass and ZnO layer shows improved light trapping potential compared to ZnO films grown on flat glass. With this new approach, Micromorph thin film silicon tandem solar cells with high total current densities (sum of the top and bottom cell current density) of up to 26.8
mA
cm
−
2
were fabricated.
Highlights ► In Canada, several new vaccines were approved for clinical use ► We assessed physicians’ opinions regarding 7 new vaccines. ► Combined MMRV and DTaP-IPV-Hib-HBV vaccines received the ...highest ratings. ► New vaccination program introduction may be unsuccessful without physicians support.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) may reduce this burden. This study's goal was to analyse trends in lower ...respiratory tract infections (LRTI) hospitalisations before and during a routine vaccination programme targeting all newborns with PCV was started in the province of Quebec, Canada in December 2004. The study population included hospital admissions with a main diagnosis of LRTI among 6–59 month-old Quebec residents from April 2000 to December 2014. Trends in proportions and rates were analysed using Cochran-Armitage tests and Poisson regression models. We observed a general downward trend in all LTRI hospitalisations rate: from 11·55/1000 person-years in 2000–2001 to 9·59/1000 in 2013–2014, a 17·0% reduction, which started before the introduction of PCV vaccination. Downward trends in hospitalisation rates were more pronounced for all-cause of pneumonia (minus 17·8%) than for bronchiolitis (minus 15·4%). There was also a decrease in the mean duration of hospital stay. There was little evidence that all-cause pneumonia decreased over the study period due mainly to the introduction of PCVs. Trends may be related to changes in clinical practice. This study casts doubt on the interpretation of ecological analyses of the implementation of PCV vaccination programmes.
Nipple areolar reconstruction is the very last step of breast reconstruction. It is of outmost importance because it gives final appearance of breast, which is then better integreated by the patient ...in her body image. A lot of techniques are described to recreate nipple projection, from trompe l’œil tattoo to local flap, nipple sharing or autologous tissue graft. Common drawback of these techniques is nipple flattening with time, due to tissue atrophy. We present here a technique to use rib cartilage graft as structural framework for nipple reconstruction. Rib cartilage is stored in a pocked created in the groin during first step of breast microsurgical reconstruction. During nipple-areolar reconstruction, graft is cut at appropriate size and used inside a C-V flap to enhance nipple projection. Results show excellent symmetry and projection and is stable over time. Patients are very satisfied and can better integrate their new breast.
La reconstruction du complexe aréolo-mamelonnaire est la toute dernière étape de la reconstruction mammaire. Elle est d’importance capitale car elle donne l’apparence finale du sein, qui sera ainsi mieux intégré par la patiente dans son schéma corporel. De nombreuses techniques sont décrites pour recréer la projection mamelonnaire, allant du tatouage en trompe l’œil à des lambeaux locaux, en passant par la greffe de mamelon controlatéral ou de tissu autologue. L’inconvénient commun à ces techniques est la perte de projection du mamelon avec le temps, dû à l’atrophie tissulaire. Nous présentons ici une technique de greffe de cartilage costal comme élément de structure pour la reconstruction mamelonnaire. Le cartilage costal est mis en attente dans une loge créé au niveau du pli inguinal durant la première étape de la reconstruction microchirurgicale du sein. Lors de la reconstruction aréolo-mamelonnaire, le greffon est redimensionné et utilisé à l’intérieur d’un lambeau de type CV pour améliorer sa projection. Les résultats montrent une bonne symétrie et une excellente projection, stable dans le temps. Les patientes sont très satisfaites et peuvent ainsi mieux intégrer leur reconstruction.
Since Harvey, anatomists and surgeons have developed better knowledge of skin vascularization. Descriptive anatomy evolved from the direct and indirect cutaneous arteries concept to that of skin ...perforator arteries. These skin perforator arteries have preferential locations or clusters. An atlas of skin perforator arteries allows identifying these clusters in relation to anatomical landmarks.
A literature review was undertaken in order to find the characteristics of perforator arteries originating in the source arteries described by Taylor. This research allowed us to uncover 895 citations. We have selected from this abundant literature source only the articles that specifically treated the perforator arteries localization. All the data concerning the perforator arteries localization, their source artery, the caliber and territory, were analyzed and recorded. We described the perforators that were covered most frequently.
The definition of these clusters is based on a work of collecting and synthesizing of anatomical, radiological and clinical data. The preferential territories or clusters of skin perforators were defined using simple anatomical landmarks. A synthesized iconography was imagined to allow easy and fast usage of the atlas.
This atlas is a learning tool that helps realizing locoregional or free perforator flaps. It can form a "winning duo" with the acoustic Doppler in preoperatory design of a perforator flap. This duo is easily available, portable, easy to use, non-invasive and inexpensive. In conclusion, the precise localization of perforator arteries associated to adherence to the big principles and definitions of the perforator flaps will allow users to better understand the surface and orientation of the skin paddle that can be taken on one perforator artery.
is a recently described aquatic bacterium and opportunistic pathogen, closely related to and often coexisting with
To study the relative abundance and population dynamics of both species in aquatic ...environments of cholera-endemic and cholera-free regions, we developed a multiplex qPCR assay allowing simultaneous quantification of total
and
(including toxigenic and O1 serogroup) cells. The presence of
was restricted to samples from regions that are not endemic for cholera, where it was found at 20% of the abundance of
. In this environment, non-toxigenic O1 serogroup
represents almost one-fifth of the total
population. In contrast, toxigenic O1 serogroup
was also present in low abundance on the coast of cholera-endemic regions, but sustained in relatively high proportions throughout the year in inland waters. The majority of cells from both
species were recovered from particles rather than free-living, indicating a potential preference for attached versus planktonic lifestyles. This research further elucidates the population dynamics underpinning
and its closest relative in cholera-endemic and non-endemic regions through culture-independent quantification from environmental samples.
Abstract Rotavirus is the leading cause of dehydration and hospitalization due to gastroenteritis (GE) in young children. Almost all children are affected by the age of 5 years. Two safe and ...effective rotavirus vaccines are available for clinical use in Canada. In the context where rotavirus vaccination is recommended, but not publicly funded, we have assessed paediatricians’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs (KAB) regarding rotavirus disease and its prevention by vaccination. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire based upon the Health Belief Model and the Analytical framework for immunization programs was mailed to all 1852 Canadian paediatricians. The response rate was 50%. The majority of respondents rated consequences of rotavirus infection for young patients as moderate. Sixty-six percent considered that rotavirus disease occur frequently without vaccination and 62% estimated that the disease generates a significant economic burden. Sixty-nine percent of respondents considered rotavirus vaccines to be safe and 61%, to be effective. The reduction of severe GE cases was seen as the main benefit of rotavirus vaccination, while the risk of adverse events was the principal perceived barrier. Fifty-three percent (53%) indicated a strong intention to recommend rotavirus vaccines. In multivariate analysis, main determinant of paediatricians’ intention to recommend rotavirus vaccines was the perceived health and economic burden of rotavirus diseases (partial R2 = 0.49, p < 0.0001). More than half of surveyed paediatricians were willing to recommend rotavirus vaccines to their patients, but the proportion of respondents who had a strong intention to do so remains low when compared to several other new vaccines. As with other new vaccines, rotavirus vaccine uptake risks to remain low in Canada as long as it is not publicly funded.
Cervicofacial lifting is one of the most iconic procedure of plastic surgery and is about hundred years old. In the following chapters of this report, numerous technical points will be specify. A ...baseline reliable and reproducible technique, appealing to the largest possible audience is presented in order to begin this surgery in optimum conditions. Pre- and postoperative management is also exposed. The aim of this chapter is to precise incisions and baseline operative technique of cervicofacial lifting, with description of SMAS and platysma suspensions as well as complementary procedures like liposuccion and lipofilling. This chapter will lay the foundation of more complex elements that will be described in the various following chapters.
Young age, adverse environmental conditions and infectious agents are established risk factors of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), whereas pneumococcal conjugate vaccines may be protective. ...To explore their relative role as predictors of hospitalizations under the continental climate prevailing in the province of Quebec, Canada, an ecological study was performed. Records with a main diagnosis of LRTI in children born during 2007–2010 and observed up to their second-year anniversary were extracted from the provincial hospital administrative database. Respiratory virus surveillance data and statistics on ambient air temperature were obtained. Vaccine use in different birth cohorts was derived from the Quebec City Immunization Registry. Additive and multiplicative Poisson regression models were applied to estimate attributable fractions. Age, month of birth, ambient temperature, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and influenza-positive test proportions were significant predictors of LRTI hospitalizations. No substantial differences were observed in cohorts exposed to the 7-valent or 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. In the additive model, the fraction of hospitalizations explained by temperature variation was 37%, whereas RSV circulation explained 28%, hMPV 4% and influenza 1%. Complex interplay between biological, environmental and social mechanisms may explain the important role of ambient air temperature in predicting LRTI hospitalization risk in young children.
The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib maleate was evaluated in four separate studies. The absolute bioavailability study used a crossover design with 10 dogs. The effect of food on bioavailability was ...investigated in a crossover study with 18 dogs. The breed effect on pharmacokinetics was assessed in a crossover study in beagles and mongrels dogs. Dose proportionality and multiple dose pharmacokinetics were evaluated in a parallel design study with eight dogs per group. In all four studies, serial blood samples for plasma were collected. Oclacitinib maleate was rapidly and well absorbed following oral administration, with a time to peak plasma concentration of <1 h and an absolute bioavailability of 89%. The prandial state of dogs did not significantly affect the rate or extent of absorption of oclacitinib maleate when dosed orally, as demonstrated by the lack of significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the oral fasted and oral fed treatment groups. The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib in laboratory populations of beagles and mixed breed dogs also appeared similar. Following oral administration, the exposure of oclacitinib maleate increased dose proportionally from 0.6 to 3.0 mg/kg. Additionally, across the pharmacokinetic studies, there were no apparent differences in oclacitinib pharmacokinetics attributable to sex.
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