In this work the definition of codes as modules over skew polynomial rings of automorphism type is generalized to skew polynomial rings, whose multiplication is defined using an automorphism and a ...derivation. This produces a more general class of codes which, in some cases, produce better distance bounds than module skew codes constructed only with an automorphism. Extending the approach of Gabidulin codes, we introduce new notions of evaluation of skew polynomials with derivations and the corresponding evaluation codes. We propose several approaches to generalize Reed-Solomon and BCH codes to module skew codes and for two classes we show that the dual of such a Reed-Solomon type skew code is an evaluation skew code. We generalize a decoding algorithm due to Gabidulin for the rank metric and derive families of Maximum Distance Separable and Maximum Rank Distance codes.
Dalbavancin, a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic agent that is active against gram-positive pathogens, has a long plasma half-life, allowing for once-weekly dosing. DISCOVER 1 and DISCOVER 2 were ...identically designed noninferiority trials of dalbavancin for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infection.
We randomly assigned patients to receive dalbavancin intravenously on days 1 and 8 or vancomycin intravenously for at least 3 days with the option to switch to oral linezolid to complete 10 to 14 days of therapy. The primary end point, early clinical response, required the cessation of spread of infection-related erythema and the absence of fever at 48 to 72 hours. Secondary end points at the end of therapy included clinical status and investigator's assessment of outcome.
Analysis of the primary end point showed noninferiority of dalbavancin in both DISCOVER 1 and DISCOVER 2. In the pooled analysis, 525 of 659 patients (79.7%) in the dalbavancin group and 521 of 653 (79.8%) in the vancomycin-linezolid group had an early clinical response indicating treatment success (weighted difference, -0.1 percentage point; 95% confidence interval, -4.5 to 4.2). The outcomes were similar in the analyses by study and the pooled analyses of clinical status at the end of therapy and the investigator's assessment of outcome. For patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, clinical success was seen in 90.6% of the patients treated with dalbavancin and 93.8% of those treated with vancomycin-linezolid. Adverse events and study days with an adverse event were less frequent in the dalbavancin group than in the vancomycin-linezolid group. The most common treatment-related adverse events in either group were nausea, diarrhea, and pruritus.
Once-weekly intravenous dalbavancin was not inferior to twice-daily intravenous vancomycin followed by oral linezolid for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infection. (Funded by Durata Therapeutics; DISCOVER 1 and DISCOVER 2 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01339091 and NCT01431339.).
During a two years study of carabids populations at Pilat mountain many different species have been trapped. The list of the species is presented and discussed. The most abundant and typical are: ...Carabus arvensis Herbst, C. monilis F. and C. auronitens F., Harpalus latus L. and H. fuliginosus Duft., Poecilus coerulescens L. and P. lepidus Lesk., Amara nitida Sturm., A. communis Panz., A. convexior Steph., A. lunicollis Schioedte and A. nigricornis Thomson. Of these, Amara nigricornis and Harpalus fuliginosus are the most interesting ones and are a new for the area.
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) adapt to changes in their energetic microenvironment. Caloric excess, in a range from transient to diet-induced obesity, could result in the transition of ...ATMs from highly oxidative and protective to highly inflammatory and metabolically deleterious. Here, we demonstrate that Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) is a key regulator of macrophage oxidative capacity in response to caloric excess. ATMs from mice with genetic-deficiency of
Irf5
are characterised by increased oxidative respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Transient inhibition of IRF5 activity leads to a similar respiratory phenotype as genomic deletion, and is reversible by reconstitution of IRF5 expression. We find that the highly oxidative nature of
Irf5
-deficient macrophages results from transcriptional de-repression of the mitochondrial matrix component Growth Hormone Inducible Transmembrane Protein (GHITM) gene. The
Irf5
-deficiency-associated high oxygen consumption could be alleviated by experimental suppression of
Ghitm
expression. ATMs and monocytes from patients with obesity or with type-2 diabetes retain the reciprocal regulatory relationship between
Irf5
and
Ghitm
. Thus, our study provides insights into the mechanism of how the inflammatory transcription factor IRF5 controls physiological adaptation to diet-induced obesity via regulating mitochondrial architecture in macrophages.
Obesity is considered an important factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The expansion of adipose tissue in obesity is due to an increase in both ...adipocyte progenitor differentiation and mature adipocyte cell size. Adipocytes, however, are thought to be unable to divide or enter the cell cycle. We demonstrate that mature human adipocytes unexpectedly display a gene and protein signature indicative of an active cell cycle program. Adipocyte cell cycle progression associates with obesity and hyperinsulinemia, with a concomitant increase in cell size, nuclear size and nuclear DNA content. Chronic hyperinsulinemia in vitro or in humans, however, is associated with subsequent cell cycle exit, leading to a premature senescent transcriptomic and secretory profile in adipocytes. Premature senescence is rapidly becoming recognized as an important mediator of stress-induced tissue dysfunction. By demonstrating that adipocytes can activate a cell cycle program, we define a mechanism whereby mature human adipocytes senesce. We further show that by targeting the adipocyte cell cycle program using metformin, it is possible to influence adipocyte senescence and obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation.
Climatological mean estimates of forest burning and crop waste burning based on broad assumptions of the amounts burned have so far been used for India in global inventories. Here we estimate open ...biomass burning representative of 1995–2000 from forests using burned area and biomass density specific for Indian ecosystems and crop waste burning as a balance between generation and known uses as fuel and fodder. High‐resolution satellite data of active fires and land cover classification from MODIS, both on a scale of 1 km × 1 km, were used to capture the seasonal variability of forest and crop waste burning and in conjunction with field reporting. Correspondence in satellite‐detected fire cycles with harvest season was used to identify types crop waste burned in different regions. The fire season in forest areas was from February to May, and that in croplands varied with geographical location, with peaks in April and October, corresponding to the two major harvest seasons. Spatial variability in amount of forest biomass burned differed from corresponding forest fire counts with biomass burned being largest in central India but fire frequency being highest in the east‐northeast. Unutilized crop waste and MODIS cropland fires were predominant in the western Indo‐Gangetic plain. However, the amounts of unutilized crop waste in the four regions were not strictly proportional to the fire counts. Fraction crop waste burned in fields ranged from 18 to 30% on an all‐India basis and had a strong regional variation. Open burning contributes importantly (about 25%) to black carbon, organic matter, and carbon monoxide emissions, a smaller amount (9–13%) to PM2.5 (particulate mass in particles smaller than 2.5 micron diameter) and CO2 emissions, and negligibly to SO2 emissions (1%). However, it cannot explain a large “missing source” of BC or CO from India.
Mapping the spatial distribution and molecular identity of constituent cells is essential for understanding tissue dynamics in health and disease. We lack a comprehensive map of human distal airways, ...including the terminal and respiratory bronchioles (TRBs), which are implicated in respiratory diseases
. Here, using spatial transcriptomics and single-cell profiling of microdissected distal airways, we identify molecularly distinct TRB cell types that have not-to our knowledge-been previously characterized. These include airway-associated LGR5
fibroblasts and TRB-specific alveolar type-0 (AT0) cells and TRB secretory cells (TRB-SCs). Connectome maps and organoid-based co-cultures reveal that LGR5
fibroblasts form a signalling hub in the airway niche. AT0 cells and TRB-SCs are conserved in primates and emerge dynamically during human lung development. Using a non-human primate model of lung injury, together with human organoids and tissue specimens, we show that alveolar type-2 cells in regenerating lungs transiently acquire an AT0 state from which they can differentiate into either alveolar type-1 cells or TRB-SCs. This differentiation programme is distinct from that identified in the mouse lung
. Our study also reveals mechanisms that drive the differentiation of the bipotent AT0 cell state into normal or pathological states. In sum, our findings revise human lung cell maps and lineage trajectories, and implicate an epithelial transitional state in primate lung regeneration and disease.
Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) caused by the
Echinococcus granulosus
tapeworm continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. France is still ...considered as endemic area, but the current infestation by
E
.
granulosus
of intermediate hosts in France remains currently unknown due to the absence of official data reporting for the last 20 years. A 1-year prevalence survey was conducted in the 24 slaughterhouses of ten departments of the South of France. We demonstrate that the
E
.
granulosus
parasite is still currently present at low prevalence at slaughterhouses in the study area (4 cases for 100,000 sheep and 3 cases for 100,000 cattle). In addition, we assess the presence of genotype G1 in infected animals and identify for the first time in France genotypes G2 and G3 of
E
.
granulosus
sensu stricto.
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