We highlight the historical and contemporary policies that govern paleontological research on federally recognized Native American lands. The United States has a long history of fossil dispossession ...from Indigenous Peoples, and federal policies surrounding the management of Native American lands (i.e., reservations), and the geological resources therein, have changed through time. These changes reflect shifting popular and political ideologies regarding Native American nations’ sovereignty and self-governance. As of 2022, the United States has a government-to-government relationship with federally recognized Tribal entities, but that has not always been the case. Historians have divided post-contact Native American federal policy into distinct eras: Colonial Times to 1820, Native American Removal and Reservation (1820–1887), Allotments and Attempted Assimilation (1887–1934), Reorganization and Preservation (1934–1953), Termination and Relocation (1953–1968), and Tribal Self-Determination (1968–present). Documentation of how the federal policies from each of these eras continue to impact current paleontological research is limited. We summarize major legislative actions, court cases, and historical events that have affected paleontological resource management in Native American territory. We use this historical context to identify federal policy gaps and highlight legal nuances associated with fossil collection and ownership, particularly given the importance of fossils to some Native Americans’ cultural patrimony. Finally, we explore how these gaps affect scientific research and highlight best practices for conducting paleontological research on vertebrate, invertebrate, and paleobotanical body and trace fossils using the CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, Ethics) Principles for Indigenous Data Governance (https://www.gida-global.org/care).
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible (SID) total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) to Lys for growth performance in 5 to 22 kg pigs under ...antibiotic-free regime. Experimental diets were formulated to ensure that lysine was the second limiting AA throughout the experiments. A total of 990 weaning piglets (PIC 337 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN; 5.08 ± 0.86 kg), blocked by initial BW and gender, were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments, with 9 pens per treatment and 22 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments consisted of SID TSAA to Lys ratios of 51%, 58%, 65%, 72% and 79%, with 1.31%, 1.28% and 1.20% SID Lys in phases 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The source of TSAA used in this study was the dry calcium salt of D, L-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (84% Met, MHA®, Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, MO). Data was analyzed using general linear mixed models accounting for heterogeneous residual variances. Competing heteroskedastic models included broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP). For each response, the best-fitting model was selected using Bayesian information criterion. Results showed that increasing ratios of SID TSAA to Lys linearly (P = 0.01) increased ADG during the entire nursery period. Increasing SID TSAA to Lys ratios tended to increase (P = 0.09) overall ADFI in a quadratic manner. The best-fitting model for overall ADG is BLL in which the maximum ADG was estimated at 60% SID TSAA to Lys ratio, with 95% confidence interval (CI) between 55% and 65%. In conclusion, the optimal ratio of SID TSAA to Lys was 60% for maximum ADG. These results indicate that the NRC (2012) recommendation may underestimate the SID TSAA to Lys requirement for nursery pigs raised under antibiotic-free regime.
Non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) is a common and distressing condition. Prior studies suggest that psychotropic medication or pain coping skills training (CST) may benefit NCCP patients. To our ...knowledge, no clinical trials have examined the separate and combined effects of CST and psychotropic medication in the management of NCCP. This randomized clinical trial examined the separate and combined effects of CST and antidepressant medication (sertraline) in participants with non-cardiac chest pain. A sample of individuals diagnosed with NCCP was randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (1) CST plus sertraline (CST+sertraline), (2) CST plus placebo (CST+placebo), (3) sertraline alone, or (4) placebo alone. Assessments of pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, depression, and physical disability were collected prior to treatment, and at 10- and 34-weeks following randomization. Data analyses revealed that CST and sertraline either alone or in combination significantly reduced pain intensity and pain unpleasantness. The combination of CST plus sertraline may have the greatest promise in that, when compared to placebo alone, it not only significantly reduced pain but also pain catastrophizing and anxiety. Overall, these findings support the importance of further research on the effects of CST and sertraline for non-cardiac chest pain.
Four long-term captive adult rhinoceros iguanas (Cyclura cornuta) on display at the Dallas Zoo (Dallas, TX) were maintained for several years in an outdoor enclosure in the summer and in a smaller ...indoor enclosure in the winter. While fully exposed to sunlight and given the opportunity to supplement their diet with live vegetation each summer, they were deprived of the benefits of full sun exposure, including ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure, and they received no dietary vitamin D for several months each winter. Maintained with this protocol, the animals seemed healthy and they reproduced. However, increasing awareness of the important role of UVB in vitamin D–mediated calcium metabolism and the potential health risk of UVB and vitamin D deprivation stimulated us to focus more on seasonal changes in vitamin D status and possible subtle changes in health status throughout winter. From September 2008 to October 2010, an 85% decline in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcidiol) concentrations was measured over each of two winters, and a half-life of 69 days was estimated for the second winter. A higher vitamin D status (calcidiol) was restored and maintained when the iguanas were outdoors and exposed themselves to 1–2 J of UVB per day, although they may have enhanced their dietary calcium and vitamin D activity by eating cactus fruit, too. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations remained higher than published reference values for Cyclura spp. A negative relationship between vitamin D status and voluntary UVB exposure during the summers was discovered, suggesting that the iguanas were regulating, rather than continually maximizing, their vitamin D status at levels lower than those recorded for Cyclura in the tropics. Although the iguanas seemed robust physically, had acceptable calcium and phosphorus blood concentrations, and successfully reproduced throughout the 2 yr monitoring period, we do not recommend extended periods of deprivation of UVB and vitamin D supplementation in winter for rock iguanas until minimally sufficient vitamin D status is more rigorously established.
To evaluate drug treatment of functional dyspepsia (including Helicobacter pylori) and provide guidelines for future trials based on a critical systematic overview of published studies.
Data sources ...were a Medline search for articles published in English going back to 1966 and a manual search of four GI journals going back to 1980. Original randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were selected that enrolled at least 20 patients. Using a standardized, pretested data extraction form, studies were evaluated independently by two observers for study design, outcome measures, and results.
Fifty two eligible studies were evaluated. Many studies suffered from important weaknesses in study design and execution. Only five studies used previously validated outcome measures.
Because of suboptimal design and/or unclear presentation of the data, none of the trials provided unequivocal evidence that there is efficacious therapy for the treatment of functional dyspepsia.
We examine the physical conditions, environments, and statistical properties
of intergalactic Ovi, Ovii and Oviii absorbers in the Simba cosmological
hydrodynamic simulation suite. The goal is to ...understand the nature of these
high ionisation absorbers, and test Simba's surprising prediction that $\sim
70\%$ of cosmic baryons at $z=0$ are in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium
(WHIM) driven by jet feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN). By comparing a
full-physics Simba run versus one with jets turned off, we find that jet
feedback causes widespread heating that impacts the absorption morphology
particularly of the higher ions. However, the distribution of the physical
properties of detectable absorbers are not dramatically affected. Higher
ionisation absorbers probe hotter gas as expected, but in Simba all ions arise
at similar overdensities (typically $\delta\sim20-30$), similar environments
(predominantly filaments), and similar nearest-halo distances (typically
$\sim2-3r_{200c}$). Simba matches the observed Ovi column density distribution
function (CDDF) fairly well, but under-predicts the CDDF preliminarily derived
from two detected intergalactic Ovii absorbers. Predicted CDDFs are very
similar at $z=1$ with or without jets, but show differences by $z=0$
particularly at the high-column end. Despite some discrepancies, Simba
reproduces available observations as well as or better than other comparable
simulations, suggesting that Simba's widespread jet heating cannot be ruled out
by these data. These results offer hope that future X-ray and ultraviolet
facilities could provide significant constraints on galactic feedback models
from high-ionisation IGM metal absorbers.
The emergence of vertebrate paleontology as an established, scientific discipline can in part be attributed to large vertebrate fossils found on land dispossessed from indigenous populations from ...around the world. Specifically, geographic locations of the North American continental interior are known to yield fossiliferous stratigraphic sequences. The Great Sioux Nation's boundaries were initially defined in the 1851 Ft. Laramie Treaty. The boundaries basically included land west of the Missouri River in South Dakota; north of the Platte River of western Nebraska; east of the Powder River Wyoming. Small areas of southeast corner Montana and southwest North Dakota were also included. On April 29, 1868 another treaty was concluded and reaffirmed the borders of the Great Sioux Nation. I argue that vertebrate fossils are another natural resource dispossessed from the subjugated native peoples within the central plains of the United States. Founding fathers of American paleontology have to some degree built their careers with fossils collected within treaty boundaries. As the Sioux land base retracted through dispossession and selling of allotted land to nonTribal members, the fossil dispossession never ceased. Throughout history valuable fossils have been collected from Sioux lands and used to promote museum exhibits and create university departments. Recent fossil disputes between various tribes and paleontologists have a better chance of being resolved when studying the historical geography of paleontology resources. A new concept of cultural physical geography would demand a multidisciplinary approach and increase chances for modern paleontologists to be sensitive to issues that are situated in the physical environment in which they seek to conduct their research. Furthermore, the methodology of an historical geography narrative within Native American geography may expose indigenous paleontology resource dispossession and allow paleontology to conscientiously advance into the twenty-first century.
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