Summary
1. Urbanisation represents a significant threat to semi‐aquatic amphibian populations, especially stream‐dwelling salamanders. Although studies of urbanisation effects on amphibians have been ...conducted, there is an urgent need to follow populations over longer time periods, account for imperfect detection and determine the response time to urbanisation. Consequently, we used a before‐after control‐impact (BACI) study design to estimate changes in abundances of larval and adult salamanders in streams affected by urbanisation.
2. From 2005 to 2009, we used standard sampling techniques to obtain a count of salamanders in 13 first‐order streams that underwent urbanisation of their catchments after the first year of sampling. Simultaneously, we counted salamanders in 17 streams that experienced no disturbance within stream catchments. Additionally, we measured environmental variables at each stream.
3. We used Royle’s binomial mixture model to estimate annual mean abundances and individual detection probabilities, and Bayesian inference was used to estimate population parameters for each stage and species.
4. Although mean abundance estimates varied among years in control and urbanised streams, we found that urbanisation had a negative effect on larval and adult salamander abundances. Larval salamander abundances at sites 1 year after urbanisation were significantly lower than abundances from control sites. Abundances of adult two‐lined salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) at urbanised sites were lower than abundances at control sites 2 years post‐urbanisation, and adult dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) abundances at urbanised sites were lower than abundances at control sites 3 years post‐urbanisation. Maximum conductivity, sedimentation level and maximum stream channel width differed between urban and non‐urban streams.
5. Our results suggest that stream‐dwelling salamanders exhibit little resistance to urbanisation. Our study also highlights the use of the BACI design to study how urbanisation affects populations in semi‐aquatic habitats. We emphasise that inferences regarding urbanisation effects on population response may be compromised unless urban populations are compared to populations in control sites, especially for species in which populations fluctuate.
Abstract Recovery-oriented practices that promote client-centered care, collaboration, and functional outcome have been recommended to improve treatment engagement, especially for individuals with ...serious mental illness (SMI). Psychological well-being (PWB) is related to recovery and refers to experiencing purpose and meaning in life through realizing one's potential. The recently completed Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode Early Treatment Program (RAISE ETP) study sought to improve quality of life, functional outcome, and well-being in individuals with first episode psychosis (FEP). Therefore, the primary aims of the present analysis were: 1) to examine the impact of treatment on PWB and mental health recovery trajectories, 2) to examine the impact of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) on these outcomes, and 3) to examine the relationships among these outcomes and quality of life. Multilevel modeling was used given the nested data structure. Results revealed that PWB and mental health recovery improved over the course of the 2-year treatment; there were no significant treatment differences. In addition, DUP was associated with the Positive Relationships and Environmental Mastery dimensions of PWB. Finally, PWB, mental health recovery, and quality of life were all significantly correlated at baseline while controlling for depressive symptoms. Overall, the findings indicate that PWB and mental health recovery can improve in FEP, are related to yet distinct from quality of life, and that DUP may play a role in certain facets of these constructs.
Drought represents a significant stressor to aquatic animals. However, empirical data regarding the response of many aquatic animals, particularly amphibians, to drought are limited. The southeastern ...United States experienced a supraseasonal drought in 2007–2008, which provided an opportunity to examine the resistance and resilience of salamanders to drought. In this study, we used 5 yr of presence–absence data at 17 first-order streams and 61 mo of mark–recapture data at one stream to examine the effects of drought on occupancy and vital rates of the salamander Desmognathus fuscus (Northern Dusky Salamander). We tested three hypotheses regarding the effects of drought: larvae would decrease in occupancy during drought conditions, but adult occupancy would remain stable; adult temporary emigration rates would be greatest during supraseasonal drought conditions; and adult survivorship would be equal or nearly equal during nondrought conditions and drought conditions due to higher rates of temporary emigration. We found that adult salamander occupancy remained stable through the 5 yr of sampling; however, larval salamander occupancy decreased by an average of 30% during the supraseasonal drought. We found that adult temporary emigration probabilities were twice as high during supraseasonal drought conditions than during nondrought or typical drought conditions. Monthly survival of adults was relatively high during nondrought (S = 0.89 ± 0.02), typical drought (S = 0.97 ± 0.02), and severe drought conditions (S = 0.90 ± 0.01). Our findings suggest that high survivorship of adult D. fuscus likely buffers the negative effects of drought on larvae and high rates of temporary emigration allow adult salamanders to be resilient to supraseasonal drought conditions.
It has been well documented that restored wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America do store carbon. However, the net benefit of carbon sequestration in wetlands in terms of a reduction ...in global warming forcing has often been questioned because of potentially greater emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N
2O) and methane (CH
4). We compared gas emissions (N
2O, CH
4, carbon dioxide CO
2) and soil moisture and temperature from eight cropland and eight restored grassland wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region from May to October, 2003, to better understand the atmospheric carbon mitigation potential of restored wetlands. Results show that carbon dioxide contributed the most (90%) to net-GHG flux, followed by CH
4 (9%) and N
2O (1%). Fluxes of N
2O, CH
4, CO
2, and their combined global warming potential (CO
2 equivalents) did not significantly differ between cropland and grassland wetlands. The seasonal pattern in flux was similar in cropland and grassland wetlands with peak emissions of N
2O and CH
4 occurring when soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) was 40–60% and >60%, respectively; negative CH
4 fluxes were observed when WFPS approached 40%. Negative CH
4 fluxes from grassland wetlands occurred earlier in the season and were more pronounced than those from cropland sites because WFPS declined more rapidly in grassland wetlands; this decline was likely due to higher infiltration and evapotranspiration rates associated with grasslands. Our results suggest that restoring cropland wetlands does not result in greater emissions of N
2O and CH
4, and therefore would not offset potential soil carbon sequestration. These findings, however, are limited to a small sample of seasonal wetlands with relatively short hydroperiods. A more comprehensive assessment of the GHG mitigation potential of restored wetlands should include a diversity of wetland types and land-use practices and consider the impact of variable climatic cycles that affect wetland hydrology.
The use of temperature‐controlled mechanochemistry to enable the mechanochemical nickel‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling is herein described. Transitioning from a capricious room‐temperature ...protocol, through to a heated, PID‐controlled programmable jar heater manifold was required to deliver an efficient method for the coupling of aryl sulfamates (derived from ubiquitous phenols) and aryl boronic acid species. Furthermore, this process is conducted using a base‐metal nickel catalyst, in the absence of bulk solvent, and in the absence of air/moisture sensitive reaction set‐ups. This methodology is showcased through translation to large‐scale twin‐screw extrusion methodology enabling 200‐fold scale increase, producing decagram quantities of C−C coupled material.
The nickel catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura‐type coupling of aryl sulfamates and boronic acid derivatives enabled by temperature‐controlled mechanochemistry via the development of a programmable PID‐controlled jar heater is reported. This base‐metal‐catalyzed, solvent‐free, all‐under‐air protocol was also scaled 200‐fold using twin‐screw extrusion technology affording decagram quantities of material.
This study examines the subjective wellbeing of Australian adults with diabetes who completed the Diabetes MILES—Australia survey, investigating by diabetes type and treatment, and by comparing with ...the subjective wellbeing of the general Australian adult population. In addition, the extent to which depression and socio-demographic factors account for subjective wellbeing is investigated. People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have significantly lower subjective wellbeing compared to the general population, even after controlling for covariates (demographic and socio-economic status, diabetes duration, body mass index, number of diabetes-related complications, and depression). Furthermore, adults with type 2 diabetes using insulin to manage their condition report the lowest levels of subjective wellbeing, and are also most likely to report dissatisfaction with their current health. These findings suggest that living with diabetes, and in particular, living with type 2 diabetes and using insulin, strongly challenges the maintenance of subjective wellbeing.
We examined the fish and zooplankton composition of Belews Lake, a 1,564-ha impoundment located in north-central North Carolina, which experienced a temporary surge of selenium that subsequently ...eliminated piscivorous fish stocks from the lake basin. Beginning in 1974 and ending in 2004, we focused on three 14 month sampling periods. In 1974/1975 the piscivorous fish community was comparable to that of near-by lakes. In the high selenium impact period of 1985/1986 piscivorous fish species were eliminated from the lake basin. In 2003/2004 piscivorous species again constituted a significant component of the fish community of the lake, although fish species diversity declined significantly. Lepomis cyanellus, which had been limited to <2% of all fish sampled prior to 1984, increased dramatically, constituting >63% from 1993 to 2004. Macrozooplankton density was >17 times higher in 1974/1975 than in 1985/1986. During 1985/1986, all cladocera except the smallest species were eliminated or were present at extremely low densities. As the piscivore population at Belews Lake returned to its pre-impact density, macrozooplankton recovered to baseline levels for density, raw species counts, and Shannon-Wiener diversity. Since zooplankton is resistant to selenium at the exposure levels experienced at Belews Lake, we attribute the changes in the restructuring of the zooplankton community and phytoplankton densities to changes in top-down predation.
During the colder climates of the Pleistocene, the ranges of high‐elevation species in unglaciated areas may have expanded, leading to increased gene flow among previously isolated populations. The ...phylogeography of the pygmy salamander, Desmognathus wrighti, an endemic species restricted to the highest mountain peaks of the southern Appalachians, was examined to test the hypothesis that the range of D. wrighti expanded along with other codistributed taxa during the Pleistocene. Analyses of genetic variation at 14 allozymic loci and of the 12S rRNA gene in the mtDNA genome was conducted on individuals sampled from 14 population isolates throughout the range of D. wrighti. In contrast to the genetic patterns of many other high‐elevation animals and plants, genetic distances derived from both molecular markers showed significant isolation by distance and genetic structuring of populations, suggesting long‐term isolation of populations. Phylogeographical analyses revealed four genetically distinct population clusters that probably remained fragmented during the Pleistocene, although there was also evidence supporting recent gene flow among some population groups. Support for isolation by distance is rare among high‐elevation species in unglaciated areas of North and Middle America, although not uncommon among Plethodontid Salamanders, and this pattern suggests that populations of D. wrighti did not expand entirely into suitable habitat during the Pleistocene. We propose that intrinsic barriers to dispersal, such as species interactions with other southern Appalachian plethodontid salamanders, persisted during the Pleistocene to maintain the fragmented distribution of D. wrighti and allow for significant genetic divergence of populations by restricting gene flow.
Carabid beetles were sampled at five sites, ranging from 1500 m to 3400 m, along a 15 km transect in the cloud forest of Manu National Park, Perú. Seasonal collections during a one year period ...yielded 77 morphospecies, of which 60% are projected to be undescribed species. There was a significant negative correlation between species richness and altitude, with the number of carabid species declining at the rate of one species for each 100 m increase in altitude. The majority of species (70.1 %) were restricted to only one altitudinal site and no species was found at more than three of the five altitudinal sites. Only one genus, Pelmatellus (Tribe Harpalini), was found at all five sites. Active (hand) collections yielded approximately twice as many species per individuals collected than passive (pitfall trap) collections. This study is the first systematic sampling ofcarabid beetles of a high altitude gradient in the cloud forests of southeastern Perú and supports the need to conserve the zone of extremely high biodiversity present on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes.
Blood in the Rust Belt Rubinstein, Robert A.; Lane, Sandra D.; Mojeed, Lookman ...
Current anthropology,
08/2018, Letnik:
59, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper examines the use by those living in impoverished neighborhoods of color in Syracuse, NY, of artifacts and rituals of memorialization in response to intense ongoing violence. This work is ...part of a longitudinal, community-university action anthropology collaboration on trauma due to neighborhood violence. This Rust Belt city of 145,000 residents had 30 murders in 2016, the highest murder rate in New York State and one of the highest nationwide. Since at least 2009, the majority of Syracuse’s homicides resulted from neighborhood violence in which adolescent and young adult members from competing turf areas carry out ongoing feuds. Neighbors, coworkers, family members, and friends of murder victims face trauma, including emotional and somatic symptoms. There is little public recognition of the deep pain and grief experienced by community members. In response, community memorialization takes place through a process of acknowledging key events with symbols, folk art, martyrdom, and language. These artifacts express shared values, even when those values are contrary to and in resistance to values of the larger society. We compare these practices to those seen in civil conflict areas to suggest that such memorialization may unfortunately fuel ongoing violence through processes of social contagion.
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