This paper examines the existing theory of risk management in international business, as well as the effects that the globalization and digital transformation have on the development of contemporary ...security risks. Besides the analysis of the key elements of globalization and digital transformation, this paper points out that the imperative for success in international business is a systematic approach to security risks, and the new categorization of risks in international business. While the pandemic has provided an impetus for the rapid and widespread adoption of digital technologies, it has also created new opportunities for hostile threat actors leading to an increase in cybercrime and thus reinforced the demand for robust and responsive security measures. The paper argues that more now than ever, there is a burning need to address the problem of security risks properly. Initial efforts to address these risks have sought to include the aforementioned security risks in existing risk mitigation practices and to address them through existing business risk processes, but it has become evident that success risk mitigation requires new and adapted approach. The authors present the review of existing theory of security analysis and propose the new categorization of risks in international business to include security risks. Security risks include, but are not limited to threats such as loss of data and intellectual property, fraud, disruption of business processes, and the possible endangerment of the physical security of both employees and assets.
U radu se analizira postojeća teorija upravljanja rizicima u međunarodnom
poslovanju, kao i učinci globalizacije i digitalne transformacije na razvoj sigurnosnih
rizika. Pored analize ključnih ...elementa globalizacije i digitalne transformacije, ovaj rad
ističe sustavno upravljanje sigurnosnim rizicima u međunarodnom poslovanju i zasebnu
kategorizaciju u identifikaciji rizika kao imperativ za sustavno upravljanje sigurnosnim
rizicima. Sustavno upravljanje sigurnosnim rizicima daje sigurnost svim dionicima
poslovnih procesa da će se novčane transakcije biti sigurne, da će se kupljena roba
isporučiti, i da podaci neće biti uništeni, i/ili dostupni neovlaštenim trećim stranama.
Suvremeni koncept upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u međunarodnom poslovanju mora
biti usmjeren na preventivno djelovanje i partnerski odnos, pri čemu se očekuje aktivno
sudjelovanje svih poslovnih entiteta uključenih u međunarodno poslovanje u realizaciji
sigurnosne prakse i sprječavanju štetnog učinka rizika. Rad ističe kako se ovom vrstom
rizika se može učinkovito upravljati kroz razvoj i implementaciju novih politika i
sposobnosti odgovora na rizike na razini poduzeća. U tom smislu, bitno ga je da ga
poduzeća koja posluju na međunarodnom tržištu pravovremeno percipiraju, i usmjere se
na minimiziranje negativnih učinaka na poslovanje. Autori iznose teorijski pregled
upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima i predlažu novu kategorizaciju rizika u međunarodnom
poslovanju. Kao zasebna kategorija u identifikaciji rizika u međunarodnom poslovanju,
sigurnosni rizik bi trebao obuhvatiti rizik od narušavanja sigurnosti podataka, rizik od
narušavanja sigurnosti poslovanja i poslovnih procesa kao digitalne sigurnosne rizike,
te fizički rizik od narušavanja fizičke sigurnosti poduzeća (gubitka materijalne imovine i
sigurnosti zaposlenika).
With a novel antibody against the rat Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT2 (rSGLT2-Ab), which does not cross-react with rSGLT1 or rSGLT3, the ∼75-kDa rSGLT2 protein was localized to the brush-border ...membrane (BBM) of the renal proximal tubule S1 and S2 segments (S1 > S2) with female-dominant expression in adult rats, whereas rSglt2 mRNA expression was similar in both sexes. Castration of adult males increased the abundance of rSGLT2 protein; this increase was further enhanced by estradiol and prevented by testosterone treatment. In the renal BBM vesicles, the rSGLT1-independent uptake of (14)C-α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside was similar in females and males, suggesting functional contribution of another Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter to glucose reabsorption. Since immunoreactivity of rSGLT2-Ab could not be detected with certainty in rat extrarenal organs, the SGLT2 protein was immunocharacterized with the same antibody in wild-type (WT) mice, with SGLT2-deficient (Sglt2 knockout) mice as negative control. In WT mice, renal localization of mSGLT2 protein was similar to that in rats, whereas in extrarenal organs neither mSGLT2 protein nor mSglt2 mRNA expression was detected. At variance to the findings in rats, the abundance of mSGLT2 protein in the mouse kidneys was male dominant, whereas the expression of mSglt2 mRNA was female dominant. Our results indicate that in rodents the expression of SGLT2 is kidney-specific and point to distinct sex and species differences in SGLT2 protein expression that cannot be explained by differences in mRNA.
Music and Children's Well-Being Pušić, Ivana; Brzica, Jelena; Papa, Anja
International Journal of Positivity & Well-Being,
08/2023
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Well-being is a desirable combination of high emotional, social, physical, and cognitive health. It is closely related to an element that has existed since the beginning of humankind: music. It is ...common knowledge that music is an inevitable part of an individual's life; it affects not just the current mood but more importantly, it serves as a means of social bonding, as a tool for therapy, and it affects the overall quality of living. Therefore, according to the Curriculum of the subject Music Culture for Primary Schools and Music Arts for Gymnasium, the teaching of the subject Music culture is intentionally focused on the overall cognitive, psychomotor, and affective dimensions of the child’s development. Through musical activities listening, singing, playing, movement with music, musical games and musical creativity, it is also directed at creating a relaxed class atmosphere, as well as arousing a sense of satisfaction among all students. Students can engage in the aforementioned activities apart of regular classes as well, as part of extracurricular/out-of-school musical activities. This research shows that there are (some) statistically significant differences in the self-assessment of well-being of primary school students, in favor of those who like the subject Music culture, who like listening to classical music in class, and whose household members listen to classical music, while statistically significant difference with regard to (not) attending musical activities was not observed. In fact, students who attend musical activities are (imperceptibly) less satisfied in all life domains. This could be explained by additional obligations, such as preparations for exams and performances, which take place at the time of the survey for the purposes of this research, that is, at the end of the school year. But, it was determined that students who attend extracurricular musical activities have a higher grade point average, which is explained by the acquired good organizational skills necessary for successfully mastering school duties.
The initial step in renal secretion of organic anions (OAs) is mediated by transporters in the basolateral membrane (BLM). Contributors to this process are primary active Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (EC ...3.6.3.9), secondary active Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC3/SLC13A3), and tertiary active OA transporters (OATs) OAT1/SLC22A6, OAT2/SLC22A7, and OAT3/SLC22A8. In human kidneys, we analyzed the localization of these transporters by immunochemical methods in tissue cryosections and isolated membranes. The specificity of antibodies was validated with human embryonic kidney-293 cells stably transfected with functional OATs. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase was immunolocalized to the BLM along the entire human nephron. NaDC3-related immunostaining was detected in the BLM of proximal tubules and in the BLM and/or luminal membrane of principal cells in connecting segments and collecting ducts. The thin and thick ascending limbs, macula densa, and distal tubules exhibited no reactivity with the anti-NaDC3 antibody. OAT1-OAT3-related immunostaining in human kidneys was detected only in the BLM of cortical proximal tubules; all three OATs were stained more intensely in S1/S2 segments compared with S3 segment in medullary rays, whereas the S3 segment in the outer stripe remained unstained. Expression of NaDC3, OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3 proteins exhibited considerable interindividual variability in both male and female kidneys, and sex differences in their expression could not be detected. Our experiments provide a side-by-side comparison of basolateral transporters cooperating in renal OA secretion in the human kidney.
The aim of this research is to analyze the characteristics of children immunized during immunization season, and their readmission to hospital due to infections of the respiratory tract in the period ...from 2008 to 2016.
The retrospective cohort study included 101 children. The test group consists of infants who met the strict criteria for immunization. The national guidance was determined on the basis of earlier research and recommendations by the AAP. All the children who had been readmitted for hospitalization were quickly tested for RSV.
Of this total, 47 children were preterm children (46.5%), 43 (42.5%) were children with CHD, and 11 (11%) exhibited other individual risk factors (gestational age 33-34 weeks, neurological disorders, respiratory anomalies, multi-organ anomalies). 25 (24%) patients of the immunized study population readmitted the ward due to respiratory infections. Of these, 50% were under the age of 6 months and were treated for less than a week on average. Upon readmission, a quick test to diagnose for RSV infections was conducted, which was negative for all of the previously immunized children.
Palivizumab represents an effective prevention to avoid RSV infections, that significantly contributes to mortality for children at risk, especially in developing countries.
In the mammalian kidney, nonglycosylated and glycosylated forms of aquaporin protein 1 (AQP1) coexist in the luminal and basolateral plasma membranes of proximal tubule and descending thin limb. ...Factors that influence AQP1 expression in (patho)physiological conditions are poorly known. Thus far, only angiotensin II and hypertonicity were found to upregulate AQP1 expression in rat proximal tubule in vivo and in vitro (Bouley R, Palomino Z, Tang SS, Nunes P, Kobori H, Lu HA, Shum WW, Sabolic I, Brown D, Ingelfinger JR, Jung FF. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297: F1575-F1586, 2009), a phenomenon that may be relevant for higher blood pressure observed in men and male experimental animals. Here we investigated the sex-dependent AQP1 protein and mRNA expression in the rat kidney by immunochemical methods and qRT-PCR in tissue samples from prepubertal and intact gonadectomized animals and sex hormone-treated gonadectomized adult male and female animals. In adult rats, the overall renal AQP1 protein and mRNA expression was ∼80% and ∼40% higher, respectively, in males than in females, downregulated by gonadectomy in both sexes and upregulated strongly by testosterone and moderately by progesterone treatment; estradiol treatment had no effect. In prepubertal rats, the AQP1 protein expression was low compared with adults and slightly higher in females, whereas the AQP1 mRNA expression was low and similar in both sexes. The observed differences in AQP1 protein expression in various experiments mainly reflect changes in the glycosylated form. The male-dominant expression of renal AQP1 in rats, which develops after puberty largely in the glycosylated form of the protein, may contribute to enhanced fluid reabsorption following the androgen- or progesterone-stimulated activities of sodium-reabsorptive mechanisms in proximal tubules.
Chloride/formate exchanger (CFEX; SLC26A6) mediates oxalate transport in various mammalian organs. Studies in Cfex knockout mice indicated its possible role in development of male-dominant ...hyperoxaluria and oxalate urolithiasis. Rats provide an important model for studying this pathophysiological condition, but data on Cfex (rCfex) localisation and regulation in their organs are limited. Here we applied the RT-PCR and immunochemical methods to investigate rCfex mRNA and protein expression and regulation by sex hormones in the pancreas, small intestine, liver, and kidneys from intact prepubertal and adult as well as gonadectomised adult rats treated with sex hormones. rCfex cDNA-transfected HEK293 cells were used to confirm the specificity of the commercial anti-CFEX antibody. Various biochemical parameters were measured in 24-h urine collected in metabolic cages. rCfex mRNA and related protein expression varied in all tested organs. Sex-independent expression of the rCfex protein was detected in pancreatic intercalated ducts (apical domain), small intestinal enterocytes (brush-border membrane; duodenum > jejunum > ileum), and hepatocytes (canalicular membrane). In kidneys, the rCfex protein was immunolocalised to the proximal tubule brush-border with segment-specific pattern (S1=S2<S3), and both rCfex mRNA and protein expression exhibited male-dominant sex differences driven by stimulatory effects of androgens after puberty. However, urinary oxalate excretion was unrelated to renal rCfex protein expression. While the effect of male-dominant expression of rCfex in renal proximal tubules on urine oxalate excretion remains unknown, its expression in the hepatocyte canalicular membrane may be a pathway of oxalate elimination via bile.
Abstract only
The epidemiological incidence of oxalate (OX) nephrolithiasis is higher in men than in women. More than 85% of the body OX is produced in liver and then released into the systemic ...circulation by the action of sulfate‐OX exchanger sat1 in the hepatocyte sinusoidal membrane. In kidneys, sat1 in the proximal tubule basolateral membrane mediates OX uptake, whereas the chloride‐formate‐ oxalate exchanger CFEX in the brush‐border membrane finally extrudes OX into the urine. Here we used the model of ethylene glycol (EG)‐induced OX nephrolithiasis in adult male (M) and female (F) rats to study sat1, CFEX, and rate‐limiting enzymes of OX synthesis, alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) and hydroxy acid oxidase (Hao1). Compared to controls, EG‐treated animals exhibited higher concentrations of OX in plasma and urine and higher abundance of OX crystals in urine, with a M dominance. Sat1 protein in liver and kidneys, which was M‐dominant in control animals, in EG‐treated animals increased only in F rats, while sat1 mRNA stayed unchanged. CFEX mRNA in both organs was sex‐independent and unaffected by EG treatment. Adh1 and Hao1 mRNA in both organs remained also unchanged upon EG treatment. In conclusion, despite hyperoxaluria in EG‐treated animals, the expression of sat1 in M and of CFEX in both sexes was sufficient to handle the EG‐induced production and secretion of OX.
PDF
