Axons extend for tremendously long distances from the neuronal soma and make use of localized mRNA translation to rapidly respond to different extracellular stimuli and physiological states. The ...locally synthesized proteins support many different functions in both developing and mature axons, raising questions about the mechanisms by which local translation is organized to ensure the appropriate responses to specific stimuli. Publications over the past few years have uncovered new mechanisms for regulating the axonal transport and localized translation of mRNAs, with several of these pathways converging on the regulation of cohorts of functionally related mRNAs - known as RNA regulons - that drive axon growth, axon guidance, injury responses, axon survival and even axonal mitochondrial function. Recent advances point to these different regulatory pathways as organizing platforms that allow the axon's proteome to be modulated to meet its physiological needs.
The prevalence of dental fluorosis in the United States has increased during the last 30 years. In this study, we used a mathematical model commonly employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection ...Agency to estimate average daily intake of fluoride via all applicable exposure pathways contributing to fluorosis risk for infants and children living in hypothetical fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. We also estimated hazard quotients for each exposure pathway and hazard indices for exposure conditions representative of central tendency exposure (CTE) and reasonable maximum exposure (RME) conditions. The exposure pathways considered were uptake of fluoride via fluoridated drinking water, beverages, cow's milk, foods, and fluoride supplements for both age groups. Additionally, consumption of infant formula for infants and inadvertent swallowing of toothpaste while brushing and incidental ingestion of soil for children were also considered. The cumulative daily fluoride intake in fluoridated areas was estimated as 0.20 and 0.11 mg/kg-day for RME and CTE scenarios, respectively, for infants. On the other hand, the RME and CTE estimates for children were 0.23 and 0.06 mg/kg-day, respectively. In areas where municipal water is not fluoridated, our RME and CTE estimates for cumulative daily average intake were, respectively, 0.11 and 0.08 mg/kg-day for infants and 0.21 and 0.06 mg/kg-day for children. Our theoretical estimates are in good agreement with measurement-based estimates reported in the literature. Although CTE estimates were within the optimum range for dental caries prevention, the RME estimates were above the upper tolerable intake limit. This suggests that some children may be at risk for fluorosis.
An extremely simple, low-cost, chipless RFID reader is demonstrated. The reader consists of only a single voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) as the detector front end. The information from the ...chipless RFID tag appears as a low-frequency variation on the VCO DC bias supply which is readily detected and demodulated. Experimental results are shown for successful detection of a 10-bit RFID tag, operating over the frequency range 2.4–3.4 GHz. The results when compared with those taken from a vector network analyser (VNA) prove that the VCO detector can provide a similar level of performance to the more sophisticated VNA arrangement. The proposed solution provides a significant simplification of the chipless RFID reader.
Aims
High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have been suggested as replacements for waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) in Community Wastewater Management Systems (CWMS) used in rural South Australian (SA) ...towns. Treated effluent from CWMS is reused for irrigation. To manage the risk of human exposure to pathogens, the disinfection performance of HRAPs was validated using the common indicators Escherichia coli and F‐RNA bacteriophage; aerobic spore‐forming bacteria (ASFB) were used as indicators for protozoa.
Methods and Results
Using standard culture methods, the removal of the indicator organisms F‐RNA bacteriophage, E. coli and ASFB by a HRAP at Kingston‐on‐Murray, SA, was measured. The mean log10 reduction values achieved for the F‐RNA bacteriophage was 1·59 ± 0·82 log10 PFU 100 ml−1 and for E. coli it was 2·13 ± 0·55 log10 E. coli MPN 100 ml−1. ASFB numbers in the treated pond effluent often exceeded those of the influent.
Conclusions
The results show that HRAPs are able to remove viral and bacterial indicators to levels acceptable for subsurface irrigation of nonfood crops. Additionally, it was concluded that alternate environmental sources and the potential for regrowth made ASFB unsuitable indicators for pathogenic protozoa in natural pond systems.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This study shows HRAPs would be suitable replacements for WSPs in CWMS schemes in regard to pathogen disinfection. Such demonstration of the treatment efficacy of HRAPs, together with their smaller land area requirements relative to WSPs, should facilitate their wider adoption in rural and remote communities.
Nucleolin is a multifunctional RNA Binding Protein (RBP) with diverse subcellular localizations, including the nucleolus in all eukaryotic cells, the plasma membrane in tumor cells, and the axon in ...neurons. Here we show that the glycine arginine rich (GAR) domain of nucleolin drives subcellular localization via protein‐protein interactions with a kinesin light chain. In addition, GAR sequences mediate plasma membrane interactions of nucleolin. Both these modalities are in addition to the already reported involvement of the GAR domain in liquid‐liquid phase separation in the nucleolus. Nucleolin transport to axons requires the GAR domain, and heterozygous GAR deletion mice reveal reduced axonal localization of nucleolin cargo mRNAs and enhanced sensory neuron growth. Thus, the GAR domain governs axonal transport of a growth controlling RNA‐RBP complex in neurons, and is a versatile localization determinant for different subcellular compartments. Localization determination by GAR domains may explain why GAR mutants in diverse RBPs are associated with neurodegenerative disease.
SYNOPSIS
Nucleolin is a multifunctional RNA Binding Protein with diverse subcellular localizations. Here we show that the glycine arginine rich (GAR) domain drives localization of nucleolin via direct interaction with a kinesin light chain and plasma membrane association of arginine rich sequences.
Nucleolin GAR domain binds a kinesin light chain, directly linking nucleolin‐mRNA complexes to kinesin motors for axonal transport.
Heterozygous nucleolin GAR deletion neurons reveal deficits in axonal localization of nucleolin cargo mRNAs.
Heterozygous nucleolin GAR deletion neurons reveal increased axonal outgrowth.
The GAR domain is also required for membrane targeting of nucleolin.
The glycine arginine rich (GAR) domain of nucleolin controls subcellular localization in axons by directly binding the kinesin motor.
This communication presents a new method for calculating bistatic responses from retrodirective arrays when only monostatic measurement data are available. The proposed approach offers considerable ...simplification to the measurement facilities required for retrodirective array characterization, since bistatic measurements are significantly more complicated to perform in comparison with monostatic measurements. The method involves making some minor changes to the monostatic measurement configuration, enabling the capture of active element patterns with magnitude and phase data, and combining these with a new expression to obtain the bistatic calculation. Very close agreement has been obtained when compared to actual measured bistatic responses of a ten element retrodirective patch array. In particular, the predicted beam position from the new method is within 0.25° at 40° scan angle, compared to a disagreement of 1.5° using previously reported methods.
Mediastinal Paraganglioma Buchanan, Stephanie N; Radecki, Kevin M; Chambers, Lowell W
The Annals of thoracic surgery,
05/2017, Letnik:
103, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Paragangliomas of the mediastinum are rare, with only approximately 150 cases reported in the literature. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice; however, these tumors often lie near critical ...vascular structures. Here we present the case of a patient with a mediastinal paraganglioma discovered during a diagnostic procedure.
The two-detector design of the NOvA neutrino oscillation experiment, in which two functionally identical detectors are exposed to an intense neutrino beam, aids in canceling leading order effects of ...cross-section uncertainties. However, limited knowledge of neutrino interaction cross sections still gives rise to some of the largest systematic uncertainties in current oscillation measurements. We show contemporary models of neutrino interactions to be discrepant with data from NOvA, consistent with discrepancies seen in other experiments. Adjustments to neutrino interaction models in GENIE are presented, creating an effective model that improves agreement with our data. We also describe systematic uncertainties on these models, including uncertainties on multi-nucleon interactions from a newly developed procedure using NOvA near detector data.
Sparse Array Mutual Coupling Reduction Larmour, C.; Buchanan, N.; Fusco, V. ...
IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation,
02/2024, Letnik:
5, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper provides a concise overview of recent developments in sparse antenna arrays, with a specific focus on techniques for reducing mutual coupling. It explores the concept and definitions of ...sparse arrays in different applications, highlighting their historical significance in antenna theory. The paper addresses the mutual coupling problem and presents reduced coupling geometrical configurations through illustrative examples. Various mutual coupling compensation techniques are discussed. The paper conducts a comprehensive comparison of multiple array design optimisation techniques, including genetic algorithm, covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy, particle swarm optimisation, trust-region framework, Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm, interpolated Quasi-Newton, and classic Powell. The comparison emphasizes achieving desired radiation performance and evaluates the mutual coupling coefficient using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">4\times 4 </tex-math></inline-formula> planar arrays and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">16\times 1 </tex-math></inline-formula> linear arrays with typical patch antennas in the mmWave bands. Notably, the paper considers optimised non-uniform antenna element positioning within the arrays, which has shown promising results in reducing mutual coupling. The study also introduces the application of beam steering to these optimised non-uniform arrays, demonstrating resilience to beam steering degradation and potential performance improvements. The findings indicate that particle swarm optimisation generally provides the most consistent performance across the discussed optimisation problems.
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