•Feeding camelina oil for 16 weeks does not impact health parameters in horses.•Blood parameters and BW are similar for horses fed camelina, flax, and canola oil.•Feeding camelina or flax oil ...decreases the n-6:n-3 ratio in equine plasma.•Plasma total lipid profile reflects the fatty acid profile of the oil provided.•Camelina oil can be used as a sustainable, alternative oil supplement for horses.
Camelina (Camelina sativa) is a hardy, low-input oilseed crop that provides a rich source of the n-3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA). The primary purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary camelina oil (CAM) consumption on various health parameters, as compared to horses fed canola oil (OLA) or flax oil (FLX). Secondly, to determine how dietary CAM, FLX, and OLA alter circulating plasma total lipids across time. Thirty horses, from three separate herds, were used for this study 14.9 years ± 5.3 years; 544 ± 66 kg calculated BW (mean ± SD). After a 4-week gradual acclimation period using sunflower oil mixed with soaked hay cubes, horses were balanced by location, age, sex, weight, and breed and randomly allocated to one of three treatment oils (CAM, OLA, or FLX) at an inclusion of 370 mg of oil/kg BW/day. Horses had ad libitum access to hay and/or pasture for the duration of the study. Body condition score (BCS), BW, oil intake, complete blood counts, plasma biochemical profiles, and plasma total lipids were measured on weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 throughout the 16-week treatment period. BW, BCS, and oil intake were analyzed using an ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS Studio. Complete blood counts and biochemical profiles were analyzed using an ANCOVA, and fatty acids were analyzed using an ANOVA in PROC MIXED in SAS Studio. No differences were observed among treatment groups for BW, BCS, oil intake, complete blood counts, and biochemical parameters. Individual fatty acids that differed among treatments and/or across time were largely reflective of the different FA profiles of the oils provided. Most notably, plasma ALA was greater for FLX than OLA, but neither differed from CAM (P = 0.01). Linoleic acid did not differ among treatments or over time (P > 0.05). The n-6:n-3 ratio decreased over time for both CAM and FLX, and ratios were lower for FLX than OLA at week 16, but not different from CAM (P = 0.02). These results suggest that dietary CAM had no adverse effects on health parameters and that daily supplementation of CAM and FLX at 370 mg of oil/kg BW/day induces positive changes (a decrease) in the n-6:n-3 status of the horse. Consequently, CAM may be considered as an alternative oil to FLX in equine diets.
With the ever-growing pervasiveness of the Internet, teachers’ use of Web-based resources is increasing. Although much is now known about undergraduate students’ search behaviors for Web-based ...resources, little research has focused on search behaviors of pre-service educators. This study examined the Web searching strategies of pre-service teachers when searching for online science resources and examined the factors that influenced resource selection. Pre-service teacher search behaviors were found to be generally inefficient and lacking in complexity. Furthermore, an analysis of the participant selected resources showed that pre-service teachers preferred resources that were highly modifiable, despite the limited availability of such resources online. Suggestions for improving the design and organization of online educational resources and pre-service teacher search skills are discussed.
Abstract
Camelina oil is derived from a low-input, high-yield crop and, in comparison to many other dietary fat sources currently used in equine diets, provides a greater amount of α-linolenic acid ...ALA; (n-3), than linoleic acid LA; (n-6). However, no research exists assessing the effects of feeding camelina oil to horses in contrast to other commonly used oils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of supplementing camelina oil to that of flaxseed and canola oil supplementation, on outcomes related to skin and coat health in horses. Thirty adult horses 23 mares, 7 geldings; 14.9 years ± 5.3 years; 544 ± 66 kg body weight (BW) (mean ± SD) underwent a 4-week wash-in period consuming hay and sunflower oil. Following the wash-in period, horses were blocked by location, age, and BW, and assigned to one of three treatment oils for 16 weeks (370 mg oil/kg BW): camelina (CAM), canola (OLA), or flaxseed (FLX) oil. Blood samples were collected and plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; ELISA), nitric oxide (NO; Griess Reaction), and glycosaminoglycan (GAG; DMMB) concentrations were measured on weeks 0 (n = 30), 14 (n = 24), and 16 (n = 30). On weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured pre- and post-acetone application using a VapoMeter (n = 26), and a 5-point-Likert scale was used to assess skin and coat characteristics on the side and rump of the horses (n = 30). All data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Independent of treatment, coat color, and quality increased from baseline. There were no differences in the outcomes assessed between the horses supplemented camelina oil and those supplemented canola or flaxseed oil. These results suggest that independent of treatment, all oil supplements improved coat color and quality in horses. This provides indication that camelina oil is comparable to existing plant-based oil supplements in supporting skin and coat health and inflammation in horses.
Camelina oil can provide a new economical and environmentally sustainable source of omega-3 fatty acids that is comparable to flaxseed and canola oil in terms of supporting skin and coat health and inflammation in equine diets.
Lay Summary
Horses cannot produce omega-3 α-linolenic acid or omega-6 linoleic acid in the body, and as a result, these fatty acids are required in the diet. Camelina oil contains a lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (1:1.8) in comparison to alternative fat ingredients commonly included in many horse diets, such as soybean oil (1:0.12). Omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil or marine-based oils can support skin and coat health and lower inflammation in horses; however, there is a lack of research investigating camelina oil supplementation and its benefits in horses. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of camelina oil on skin and coat health in horses. Horses were supplemented with sunflower oil for 4 weeks before being assigned to one of three treatment oils (camelina, canola, or flaxseed) for 16 weeks. Skin barrier function was assessed by measuring the transepidermal water loss of the chest, inner elbow, withers, and rump. Blood markers, including prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and glycosaminoglycan, were measured. Skin and coat parameters, including shine, softness, hair quality, color intensity, and moisture, were assessed using a 5-point scale on the rump and side of the horses. No differences in transepidermal water loss, blood markers, or skin and coat parameters were observed among treatments. Our results suggest that camelina oil is comparable to existing oil supplements in supporting skin and coat health and inflammation in horses.
Abstract
There are few data describing the effects of different oils on fatty acid (FA) metabolism in dogs. Our objectives were to assess the effects of camelina (CAM), flaxseed (FLAX), and canola ...oil (OLA) on the serum total lipid FA profiles over a 16-week feeding study. Thirty healthy, adult dogs of various breeds 17 females, 13 males; 7.2±3.1 years and 27.4±14.0 kg (mean±SD) underwent a 4-week dietary wash-in period on a commercial, low-fat kibble top dressed with 8.2g sunflower oil/100g food intake. Dogs were blocked by breed, age, and size, and assigned to receive CAM, FLAX, or OLA for 16-weeks at the same dose as wash-in. Serum total FA were measured using gas chromatography from dogs at baseline and week 16. Data were analyzed with ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. In all treatments, the final percent area of pooled and individual omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) FAs were inversely related, with n-3 being greater at week 16 and n-6 less at week 16 compared with baseline (p< 0.05). Conversely, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid showed accumulation at week 16 and docosahexaenoic acid was less at week 16 than baseline for all treatments (p< 0.05). Stearidonic acid was greater in FLAX than OLA but both were similar to CAM, and α-linolenic differed among all treatments (FLAX >CAM >OLA) (p< 0.05). Eicosadienoic acid was less in FLAX than CAM and OLA (p< 0.05). Omega-9 FA were greater at week 16 for all treatments and individual FAs (p< 0.05). Eicosaenoic and mead acid were greater in CAM than FLAX and OLA, and oleic acid was greater in FLAX than OLA, but similar to CAM (p< 0.05). Differences among dogs fed camelina, flax, and canola oils were due to the inherent FA concentrations of the oil and suggest all oils are suitable for increasing serum n-3 concentrations.
Critical scholars and investigative journalists have developed a significant body of evidence demonstrating how US democracy assistance programmes undermine left and centre-left governments in Latin ...America. This article draws upon original research to examine how democracy promotion has sought to stabilise neoliberal polyarchy in Peru, a longtime regional ally of the US. It contributes to a neo-Gramsican theorisation of democracy programmes by examining how 'soft' tactics have contributed to the state's efforts at creating an inclusive neoliberal social order, a project which has ultimately failed. Particular attention is paid to the way in which US programmes were configured and carried out to respond to the rise of the 'anti-systemic' Peruvian nationalist party of Ollanta Humala, who won the recent presidential elections in June 2011.
Abstract
Camelina oil has a desirable ratio of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA), and omega-6 linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA). Alpha-linolenic acid supports ...canine skin and coat health, and inflammation. Therefore, an investigation of the effects of camelina oil on skin and coat health, and inflammation in comparison with other plant-derived EFA oil sources is needed. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of camelina oil to those of flaxseed and canola oil on skin and coat health, skin barrier function, and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers. Thirty privately-owned, adult dogs of various breeds (17 females; 13 males), with an average age of 7.2±3.1 years and body weight (BW) of 27.4±14.0 were used. After a 4-week wash-in period using sunflower oil and a commercial kibble, dogs were blocked by age, breed, and size, and randomly allocated to one of three treatment oils: camelina, canola, or flaxseed. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured using a VapoMeter on the pinna, paw pad, and inner leg. Fasted blood samples were collected to determine serum pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarker concentrations. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Plakoglobin (JUP) concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, while nitric oxide (NO) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations were determined using spectrophotometric assays. A 5-point-Likert scale was used to assess skin and coat characteristics. All data were collected on weeks 0, 2, 4, 10, and 16 and assessed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Follicle density, fur color, shine, and softness increased and skin moisture and dander decreased from baseline in all treatment groups (P >0.05). Outcomes did not differ (P >0.05) among treatment groups over 16 weeks, indicating that camelina oil can be considered comparable with existing plant-based canine oil supplements, flaxseed and canola, to support skin and coat health, and inflammation in dogs.
U.S. democracy promotion programs in Bolivia in the early 2000s originally sought to stabilize the neoliberal state through "soft" tactics whose origins were rooted in the "inclusive" neoliberal ...project of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada's first presidency. As left indigenous social forces tipped the balance of power away from U.S. political allies, these programs were reconfigured to undermine the rise of Evo Morales's Movement toward Socialism (MAS) through "hard" tactics including support for the right-wing departments of the western part of the country, where autonomist forces mobilized to destabilize the MAS after Morales won the presidential elections in December 2005. U.S. programs also continued to channel support to moderate civil society organizations and nongovernmental organizations that sought to confine the popular revolt within a liberal-institutional framework. Soft and hard tactics combined to promote neoliberal polyarchy. Estados Unidos buscó promover la democracia en Bolivia durante principios de la década del 2000 para estabilizar al estado neoliberal; sus tácticas "suaves" de promoción democrática partían del proyecto neoliberal "inclusivo" de la primer presidencia de Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada. Conforme las fuerzas sociales izquierdistas indígenas cobraron poder sobre los aliados de Estados Unidos, estos programas se reconfiguraron para contrarrestar la ascensión del Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) de Evo Morales. En este caso se utilizaron tácticas "duras" como el apoyo a departamentos derechistas en la parte oeste del país, donde fuerzas autonomistas se movilizaron para desestabilizar al MAS después de que Morales ganara las elecciones de diciembre de 2005. Los programas estadounidenses continuaron canalizando apoyos a organizaciones civiles y no gubernamentales moderadas que buscaron confinar la revuelta popular dentro de un marco liberal e institucional. Las tácticas "suaves" y "duras" se combinaron para promover una poliarquía neoliberal.
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have the potential to be incorporated into equine feed as a sustainable and nutritionally dense insect-derived source of protein and fat. The purpose of this study was ...to investigate the suitability of whole dried BSFL as a novel protein source in equine diets based on acceptability, palatability, and various health parameters. Seventeen horses (15.2 ± 7.0 years; 596 ± 122 kg body weight (BW) (mean±SD)) and three ponies (19.7 ± 0.6 years; 364 ± 53 kg) were separately fed a BSFL-based supplement (TRT) and a roasted soybean-based supplement (CON) (0.75 g crude protein per kg BW0.75) for 28-days using a cross-over study design. Feed intake was recorded throughout the feeding periods to assess the acceptability of the novel ingredient. Body weight, body condition score (BCS), plasma biochemistry, and complete blood counts were assessed at the beginning and end of each treatment period as markers of health status. After the cross-over study, two-bowl tests were used to assess the palatability of the BSFL supplement, with or without the presence of other concentrates. Minimal differences were observed between treatment groups for biochemical analytes and complete blood counts, and BW and BCS did not change throughout the study period. Both supplements were willingly consumed by the horses over the 28-day feeding periods, though feed intake was 8% greater in the CON compared to the TRT group (P<0.01). For the palatability tests, horses first approached (P=0.03) and first consumed (P=0.03) the CON more frequently than the TRT supplement when the supplements were supplied with other concentrates. When the supplements were offered in the absence of other concentrates, there was no difference in which bucket was approached first, but horses tended to first consume the CON rather than the TRT supplement. Overall, these data indicate that dietary consumption of BSFL for 28 days at a low-inclusion rate results in no negative health outcomes in horses; however, longer-term studies are warranted to further examine physiological effects of consuming BSFL and at higher inclusion rates. Though horses did favour the CON supplement based on palatability parameters, horses willingly consumed the BSFL supplement, indicating that BSFL at low inclusion rates may be considered a palatable ingredient in equine diets.
•Black soldier fly larva is safe in equine diets at low inclusion.•Whole dried black soldier fly larvae comparable to roasted soybean meal as protein rich ingredient for equine diets.•Black soldier fly larva is palatable for horses at low inclusion rates.
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