We present the final data release of observations of l21-cm emission from Galactic neutral hydrogen over the entire sky, merging the Leiden/Dwingeloo Survey (LDS: Hartmann & Burton 1997, Atlas of ...Galactic Neutral Hydrogen) of the sky north of d = -30' with the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia Survey (IAR: Arnal et al. 2000, A&AS, 142, 35; and Bajaja et al. 2005, A&A, 440, 767) of the sky south of d = -25'. The angular resolution of the combined material is HPBW 6 0.'6. The LSR velocity coverage spans the interval -450 km s-1 to +400 km s-1, at a resolution of 1.3 km s-1. The data were corrected for stray radiation at the Institute for Radioastronomy of the University of Bonn, refining the original correction applied to the LDS. The rms brightness-temperature noise of the merged database is 0.07-0.09 K. Residual errors in the profile wings due to defects in the correction for stray radiation are for most of the data below a level of 20-40 mK. It would be necessary to construct a telescope with a main beam efficiency of EMB QQQ ? 99% to achieve the same accuracy. The merged and refined material entering the LAB Survey of Galactic HI is intended to be a general resource useful to a wide range of studies of the physical and structural characteristices of the Galactic interstellar environment. The LAB Survey is the most sensitive Milky Way HI survey to date, with the most extensive coverage both spatially and kinematically.
Electron-Ion Collider: The next QCD frontier Accardi, A.; Albacete, J. L.; Anselmino, M. ...
The European physical journal. A, Hadrons and nuclei,
2016/9, Letnik:
52, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
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This White Paper presents the science case of an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), focused on the structure and interactions of gluon-dominated matter, with the intent to articulate it to the broader ...nuclear science community. It was commissioned by the managements of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) with the objective of presenting a summary of scientific opportunities and goals of the EIC as a follow-up to the 2007 NSAC Long Range plan. This document is a culmination of a community-wide effort in nuclear science following a series of workshops on EIC physics over the past decades and, in particular, the focused ten-week program on “Gluons and quark sea at high energies” at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Fall 2010. It contains a brief description of a few golden physics measurements along with accelerator and detector concepts required to achieve them. It has been benefited profoundly from inputs by the users’ communities of BNL and JLab. This White Paper offers the promise to propel the QCD science program in the US, established with the CEBAF accelerator at JLab and the RHIC collider at BNL, to the next QCD frontier.
The acquisition and performance of goal-directed actions has long been argued to depend on the integration of glutamatergic inputs to the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) under the modulatory ...influence of dopamine. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the dynamics of striatal dopamine during goal-directed actions. To investigate this, we chronically recorded dopamine release in the pDMS as rats acquired two actions for distinct outcomes as these action-outcome associations were incremented and then subsequently degraded or reversed. We found that bilateral dopamine release scaled with action value, whereas the lateralized dopamine signal, i.e., the difference in dopamine release ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the direction of the goal-directed action, reflected the strength of the action-outcome association independently of changes in movement. Our results establish, therefore, that striatal dopamine activity during goal-directed action reflects both bilateral moment-to-moment changes in action value and the long-term action-outcome association.
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•Dopamine (DA) release in the striatum is lateralized during goal-directed actions•DA lateralization reflects the strength of the action-outcome association•Bilateral DA release reflects the goal-directed action value
Hart et al. assess the role of dopamine release in the dorsomedial striatum as rats acquire and perform goal-directed actions. They find that bilateral dopamine release fluctuates with action values, whereas the difference between ipsilateral vs. contralateral release reflects the strength of the action-outcome association independently of changes in movement.
Background: The enormous socioeconomic burden of low back pain emphasises the need for effective management of this problem, especially in an occupational context. To address this, occupational ...guidelines have been issued in various countries. Aims: To compare available international guidelines dealing with the management of low back pain in an occupational health care setting. Methods: The guidelines were compared regarding generally accepted quality criteria using the AGREE instrument, and also summarised regarding the guideline committee, the presentation, the target group, and assessment and management recommendations (that is, advice, return to work strategy, and treatment). Results and Conclusions: The results show that the quality criteria were variously met by the guidelines. Common flaws concerned the absence of proper external reviewing in the development process, lack of attention to organisational barriers and cost implications, and lack of information on the extent to which editors and developers were independent. There was general agreement on numerous issues fundamental to occupational health management of back pain. The assessment recommendations consisted of diagnostic triage, screening for “red flags” and neurological problems, and the identification of potential psychosocial and workplace barriers for recovery. The guidelines also agreed on advice that low back pain is a self limiting condition and, importantly, that remaining at work or an early (gradual) return to work, if necessary with modified duties, should be encouraged and supported.
Aims
We aimed to reclassify a population‐based cohort of 529 adult glioma patients to evaluate the prognostic impact of the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) central nervous system tumour ...classification. Moreover, we evaluated the feasibility of gene panel next‐generation sequencing (NGS) in daily diagnostics of 225 prospective glioma patients.
Methods
The retrospective cohort was reclassified according to WHO 2016 criteria by immunohistochemistry for IDH‐R132H, fluorescence in situ hybridization for 1p/19q‐codeletion and gene panel NGS. All tumours of the prospective cohort were subjected to NGS analysis up‐front.
Results
The entire population‐based cohort was successfully reclassified according to WHO 2016 criteria. NGS results were obtained for 98% of the prospective patients. Survival analyses in the population‐based cohort confirmed three major prognostic subgroups, that is, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)‐mutant and 1p/19q‐codeleted oligodendrogliomas, IDH‐mutant astrocytomas and IDH‐wildtype glioblastomas. The distinction between WHO grade II and III was prognostic in patients with IDH‐mutant astrocytoma. The survival of patients with IDH‐wildtype diffuse astrocytomas carrying TERT promoter mutation and/or EGFR amplification overlapped with the poor survival of IDH‐wildtype glioblastoma patients.
Conclusions
Gene panel NGS proved feasible in daily diagnostics. In addition, our study confirms the prognostic role of glioma classification according to WHO 2016 in a large population‐based cohort. Molecular features of glioblastoma in IDH‐wildtype diffuse glioma were linked to poor survival corresponding to IDH‐wildtype glioblastoma patients. The distinction between WHO grade II and III retained prognostic significance in patients with IDH‐mutant diffuse astrocytic gliomas.
Otitis media (OM) is a leading cause of medical consultations, antibiotic prescription and surgery in children. The surgical procedures offered to children with recurrent or persistent OM are ...insertion of grommets, adenoidectomy or a combination of the two. There is clear National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance for the use of grommets in subgroups of children with persistent OM with effusion (OME), but similar guidance is not available for adenoidectomy, either in persistent OME or in recurrent acute OM (AOM).
(1) To develop a model to predict the risk of children referred for adenoidectomy having a prolonged duration of their OM. Then, (2a) to evaluate the overall effect of adenoidectomy, with or without grommets, on OM using individual patient data (IPD) and (2b) to identify those subgroups of children who are most likely to benefit from adenoidectomy with or without grommets.
A number of electronic databases were searched from their inception including the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), metaRegister of Current Controlled Trials (mRCT), ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ClinicalStudyResults.org and Google.
Studies eligible for inclusion in this IPD meta-analysis were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in children up to 12 years of age diagnosed with recurrent AOM and/or persistent OME in which adenoidectomy (with or without grommets) was compared with non-surgical treatment or grommets alone. The final selection of eligible studies and the quality assessment were carried out according to standard methods and disagreement was resolved by discussion.
A total of 503 articles were identified of which 10 trials were included in the meta-analysis; eight of these were at a low risk of bias and two were at moderate risk. The primary outcome was failure at 12 months, defined by a set of persisting symptoms and signs. In the prognostic analysis 56% of those children referred for adenoidectomy (but randomised to the non-surgical group) failed to improve (38% of the children with recurrent AOM and 89% of the children with persistent OME). Children who had adenoidectomy had a greater chance of clinical improvement. The size of that effect is, in general, small but persists for at least 2 years. Two subgroups of children are most likely to benefit from adenoidectomy: first, children aged < 2 years with recurrent AOM - 16% of those who had adenoidectomy failed at 12 months whereas 27% of those who did not have adenoidectomy failed rate difference (RD) 12%, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 6% to 18%; number needed to treat (NNT) = 9; second, children aged ≥ 4 years with persistent OME - 51% of those who had adenoidectomy failed at 12 months whereas 70% of those who did not have adenoidectomy failed (RD 19%, 95% Cl 12% to 26%; NNT = 6). No significant benefit of adenoidectomy was found in children aged ≥ 2 years with recurrent AOM and children aged < 4 years with persistent OME.
The need to use a composite end point and the limited number of subgroup variables that could be studied are factors that reduce the robustness of these results; however, we do not believe that this reduces the validity of the conclusions.
Adenoidectomy is most beneficial in children with persistent OME aged ≥ 4 years. A smaller beneficial effect was found in children with recurrent AOM aged < 2 years. Consideration must be given to the balance between benefits and harms. Future research is required in a number of key areas, including defining the best methods of selecting, developing and administering patient-reported outcome measures to assess the value of treatments for children with persistent OME and recurrent AOM and upper respiratory infections; investigating the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of hearing aids (air or bone conduction) and the use of interventions to improve classroom acoustics for children with different degrees of persistence and severity of hearing loss associated with OME; and investigating why professionals' and parents'/carers' treatment preferences vary so much both nationally and internationally. We do not understand why adenoidectomy works in different subgroups at different ages, nor its effects in special populations, such as children with Down syndrome. We also need further research on the impact and optimal management of otitis media in these special situations and others, such as in children with a cleft palate or developmental problems.
The study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42011001549.
The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
Descriptive study.
To compare national clinical guidelines on low back pain.
To rationalize the management of low back pain, clinical guidelines have been issued in various countries around the ...world. Given that the available scientific evidence is the same, irrespective of the country, one would expect these guidelines to include more or less similar recommendations regarding diagnosis and treatment.
Guidelines were included that met the following criteria: the target group consisted of primary care health professionals, and the guideline was published in English, German, or Dutch. Only one guideline per country was included: the one most recently published.
Clinical guidelines from 11 different countries published from 1994 until 2000 were included in this review. The content of the guidelines appeared to be quite similar regarding the diagnostic classification (diagnostic triage) and the use of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Consistent features were the early and gradual activation of patients, the discouragement of prescribed bed rest, and the recognition of psychosocial factors as risk factors for chronicity. However, there were discrepancies for recommendations regarding exercise therapy, spinal manipulation, muscle relaxants, and patient information.
The comparison of clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain showed that diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations were generally similar. Updates of the guidelines are planned in most countries, although so far produced only in the United Kingdom. However, new evidence may lead to stronger conclusions and enable future guidelines to become even more concordant.
Although single‐center and cross‐sectional studies have suggested a modest impact of liver donation on donor psychological well‐being, few studies have assessed these outcomes prospectively among a ...large cohort. We conducted one of the largest, prospective, multicenter studies of psychological outcomes in living liver donors within the Adult‐to‐Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study2 (A2ALL‐2) consortium. In total, 271 (91%) of 297 eligible donors were interviewed at least once before donation and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 mo after donation using validated measures. We found that living liver donors reported low rates of major depressive (0–3%), alcohol abuse (2–5%), and anxiety syndromes (2–3%) at any given assessment in their first 2 years after donation. Between 4.7% and 9.6% of donors reported impaired mental well‐being at various time points. We identified significant predictors for donors’ perceptions of being better people and experiencing psychological growth following donation, including age, sex, relationship to recipient, ambivalence and motivation regarding donation, and feeling that donation would make life more worthwhile. Our results highlight the need for close psychosocial monitoring for those donors whose recipients died (n=27); some of those donors experienced guilt and concerns about responsibility. Careful screening and targeted, data‐driven follow‐up hold promise for optimizing psychological outcomes following this procedure for potentially vulnerable donors.
A prospective study of living liver donors across nine transplant centers shows low rates of major depressive, alcohol abuse, and anxiety syndromes, though some donors (such as those whose recipients die) may benefit from close psychosocial monitoring.
The H2@Scale program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office is supporting work on the hydrogen compatibility of polymers to improve the durability and reliability of ...materials for hydrogen infrastructure. The hydrogen compatibility program (H-Mat) seeks “to address the challenges of hydrogen degradation by elucidating the mechanisms of hydrogen-materials interactions with the goal of providing science-based strategies to design materials, (micro)structures, and morphology with improved resistance to hydrogen degradation.” This research has observed interactions of hydrogen and pressure with model rubber-material compounds resulting in volume change and compression-set differences in the materials. The materials were investigated using helium-ion microscopy (HeIM), which revealed significant morphological changes in the plasticizer-incorporating compounds after exposure, as evidenced by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Additional studies using transmission electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance were performed to correlate morphological change to potential chemical change in the materials.
•Compression set in NBR shows a ~40% increase after high-pressure hydrogen exposure•Hydrogen-induced phase separation can cause a change in material performance•The model NBR compound studied demonstrated a 72–85% increase in volume•TEM shows an increasing number of particles in the polymer after hydrogen exposure
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