The study of flight dynamics requires a thorough understanding of the theory of the stability and control of aircraft, an appreciation of flight control systems and a comprehensive grounding in the ...theory of automatic control. Flight Dynamics provides all three in an accessible and student focussed text. Written for those coming to the subject for the first time the book is suitable as a complete first course text. It provides a secure foundation from which to move on to more advanced topics such a non-linear flight dynamics, simulation and advanced flight control, and is ideal for those on course including flight mechanics, aircraft handling qualities, aircraft stability and control. Enhances by detailed worked examples, case studies and aircraft operating condition software, this complete course text, by a renowned flight dynamicist, is widely used on aircraft engineering courses
.Suitable as a complete first course text, it provides a secure foundation from which to move on to more advanced topics such a non-linear flight dynamics, simulation and advanced flight control.End of chapter exercises, detailed worked examples, and case studies aid understanding and relate concepts to real world applications.Covers key contemporary topics including all aspects of optimization, emissions, regulation and automatic flight control and UAVs.Accompanying MathCAD software source code for performance model generation and optimization.Instructor's Manual and image bank for downloading by registered instructors available online
This book looks at changes in the first language of people who know a second language, thus seeing L2 users as people in their own right differing from the monolingual in both first and second ...languages. It presents theories and research that investigate the first language of second language users from a variety of perspectives including vocabulary, pragmatics, cognition, and syntax and using a variety of linguistic and psychological models.
Postal surveys are a frequently used method of data collection in health services research. Low response rates increase the potential for bias and threaten study validity. The objectives of this ...study were to estimate current response rates, to assess whether response rates are falling, to explore factors that might enhance response rates and to examine the potential for non-response bias in surveys mailed to healthcare professionals.
A random sample of postal or electronic surveys of healthcare workers (1996-2005) was identified from Medline, Embase or Psycinfo databases or Biomed Central. Outcome measures were survey response rate and non response analysis. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression examined the relationship between response rate and publication type, healthcare profession, country and number of survey participants, questionnaire length and use of reminders.
The analysis included 350 studies. Average response rate in doctors was 57.5% (95%CI: 55.2% to 59.8%) and significantly lower than the estimate for the prior 10 year period. Response rates were higher when reminders were sent (adjusted OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.6) but only half the studies did this. Response rates were also higher in studies with fewer than 1000 participants and in countries other than US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. They were not significantly affected by publication type or healthcare profession (p > 0.05). Only 17% of studies attempted assessment of possible non-response bias.
Response rates to postal surveys of healthcare professionals are low and probably declining, almost certainly leading to unknown levels of bias. To improve the informativeness of postal survey findings, researchers should routinely consider the use of reminders and assess potential for non-response bias.
The global Microcystis interactome Cook, Katherine V.; Li, Chuang; Cai, Haiyuan ...
Limnology and oceanography,
January 2020, Letnik:
65, Številka:
S1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Bacteria play key roles in the function and diversity of aquatic systems, but aside from study of specific bloom systems, little is known about the diversity or biogeography of bacteria associated ...with harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs). CyanoHAB species are known to shape bacterial community composition and to rely on functions provided by the associated bacteria, leading to the hypothesized cyanoHAB interactome, a coevolved community of synergistic and interacting bacteria species, each necessary for the success of the others. Here, we surveyed the microbiome associated with Microcystis aeruginosa during blooms in 12 lakes spanning four continents as an initial test of the hypothesized Microcystis interactome. We predicted that microbiome composition and functional potential would be similar across blooms globally. Our results, as revealed by 16S rRNA sequence similarity, indicate that M. aeruginosa is cosmopolitan in lakes across a 280° longitudinal and 90° latitudinal gradient. The microbiome communities were represented by a wide range of operational taxonomic units and relative abundances. Highly abundant taxa were more related and shared across most sites and did not vary with geographic distance, thus, like Microcystis, revealing no evidence for dispersal limitation. High phylogenetic relatedness, both within and across lakes, indicates that microbiome bacteria with similar functional potential were associated with all blooms. While Microcystis and the microbiome bacteria shared many genes, whole-community metagenomic analysis revealed a suite of biochemical pathways that could be considered complementary. Our results demonstrate a high degree of similarity across global Microcystis blooms, thereby providing initial support for the hypothesized Microcystis interactome.
The realisation of voice is a particularly challenging aspect of dialogue. The aim of this study is to explore how a microblogging tool creates conditions for the realisation of student voice. ...Drawing on data collected as part of a larger international study, analysis of student focus group interviews (aged 11-12 years) in two schools in England (n = 36) suggest that the use of a microblogging tool can develop student agency, helping to realise student voice by removing the struggle to capture and maintain the floor and enabling students to become attuned to the ideas of others. However, some students were concerned about the tool's democratic use. Guided by this finding, a detailed micro-analysis of interactions of video data, lesson transcripts and microblog meta-data explores how students' microblogging contributions were heeded by three teachers in one school. We consider the pedagogical implications of these findings, exploring the juxtaposition between a school culture that celebrates individual achievement and the culture of a dialogic classroom. For such classrooms, this research indicates that student commitment to dialogic interaction is encouraged where the ideas of all students are, as far as possible, acknowledged by the teacher and used in developing collective ideas.
The present paper explores nonnative (L2) phonological encoding of lexical entries and dissociates the difficulties associated with L2 phonological and phonolexical encoding by focusing on similarly ...sounding L2 words that are not differentiated by difficult phonological contrasts. We test two main claims of the fuzzy lexicon hypothesis: (1) L2 fuzzy phonolexical representations are not fully specified and lack details at both phonological and phonolexical levels of representation (Experiment 1); and (2) fuzzy phonolexical representations can lead to establishing incorrect form-to-meaning mappings (Experiment 2). The Russian-English Translation Judgment Task (Experiment 1, TJT) explores how the degree of phonolexical similarity between a word and its lexical competitor affects lexical access of Russian words. Words with smaller phonolexical distance (e.g.,
) show longer reaction times and lower accuracy compared to words with a larger phonolexical distance (e.g.,
) in lower-proficiency nonnative speakers, and, to a lesser degree, higher-proficiency speakers. This points to a lack of detail in nonnative phonolexical representations necessary for efficient lexical access. The Russian Pseudo-Semantic Priming task (Experiment 2, PSP) addresses the vulnerability of form-to-meaning mappings as a consequence of fuzzy phonolexical representations in L2. We primed the target with a word semantically related to its phonological competitor, or a potentially confusable word. The findings of Experiment 2 extend the results of Experiment 1 that, unlike native speakers, nonnative speakers do not properly encode phonolexical information. As a result, they are prone to access an incorrect lexical representation of a competitor word, as indicated by a slowdown in the judgments to confusable words. The study provides evidence that fuzzy phonolexical representations result in unfaithful form-to-meaning mappings, which lead to retrieval of incorrect semantic content. The results of the study are in line with existing research in support of less detailed L2 phonolexical representations, and extend the findings to show that the fuzziness of phonolexical representations can arise even when confusable words are not differentiated by difficult phonological contrasts.
Although the global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing, the relationship between CKD and active TB is not well described.
To conduct a systematic review to evaluate active TB ...risk in CKD populations.
We searched Ovid Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane databases and relevant journals to identify multicentre or regional studies reporting quantitative effect estimates of an association between CKD and active TB. Risk ratios and rate ratios were used as common measures of association. Pooled estimates were generated using a random-effects model.
Of 3406 papers screened, 12 eligible studies were identified with 71,374 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and 560 TB cases. Meta-analysis of adjusted rate ratio data in dialysis populations showed an increased rate of 3.62 (95%CI 1.79-7.33, P < 0.001) compared to the general population, while unadjusted risk ratio data in transplant populations showed an increased risk of 11.35 (95%CI 2.97-43.41) compared to the general population.
We found consistent evidence of an increased risk of active TB in ESRD compared to the general population. This relationship persisted despite variability in study population, design and renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality. Further research into the role of comorbidities, RRT modality and CKD stage is required to better understand the association between CKD and active TB.
A phonological priming experiment reports inhibition for Russian prime-target pairs with onset overlap in native speakers. When preceded by the phonological prime /kabɨla/, the target /kabak/ (кобыла ...– КАБАК, mare – PUB) takes longer to respond than the same target preceded by a phonologically unrelated word. English-speaking late learners of Russian also show inhibition, but only for high-frequency prime-target pairs. Conversely, they show facilitation for low-frequency pairs. In semantic priming (e.g. carnation – DAISY), facilitation is observed for the same two lexical frequency ranges both in native speakers and learners of Russian, suggesting that the primes and targets in the low-frequency range are familiar to the nonnative participants. We interpret nonnative phonological facilitation for low-frequency words as evidence for sublexical processing of less familiar words that is accompanied by reduced lexical competition in nonnative lexical access. We posit that low lexical competition is due to unfaithful, or fuzzy phonolexical representations: nonnative speakers are unsure about the exact phonological form of low-frequency words. Such unfaithful representations are not strongly engaged in lexical competition and selection. High reliance on sublexical rather than lexical processing may be a general property of nonnative word recognition in case when the words are less familiar and have a low level of entrenchment.
This innovative volume provides a state-of-the-art overview of the relationship between language and cognition with a focus on bilinguals. It brings together contributions from international leading ...figures in various disciplines and showcases contemporary research on the emerging area of bilingual cognition.
The first part of the volume discusses the relationship between language and cognition as studied in various disciplines, from psychology to philosophy to anthropology to linguistics, with chapters written by some of the major thinkers in each discipline. The second part concerns language and cognition in bilinguals. Following an introductory overview and contributions from established figures in the field, bilingual cognition researchers provide examples of their latest research on topics including time, space, motion, colors, and emotion. The third part discusses practical applications of the idea of bilingual cognition, such as marketing and translation.
The volume is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students with an interest in language and cognition, or in bilingualism and second languages.
Part 1. Language and Cognition . Introduction. V. Cook , Relating Language and Cognition: The Speaker of One Language. C. Swoyer , How Does Language Affect Thought? J. Lucy , Language and Cognition: The View from Anthropology. V. Evans , Language and Cognition: The View from Cognitive Linguistics. V.C. Mueller Gathercole , Interactive Influences of Language and Cognition. B. Tversky , Tools For Thinking. Part 2. Bilingual Cognition . Introduction. B. Bassetti, V. Cook , Relating Language and Cognition: The Second Language User. A. Wierzbicka , Bilingualism and Cognition: The Perspective from Semantics. S. Ervin-Tripp , Advances in the Study of Bilingualism: A Personal View. D.W. Green , Bilingual Worlds. P. Athanasopoulos , Color and Bilingual Cognition. K.R. Coventry, P. Guijarro-Fuentes, B. Valdés , Spatial Language and Second Language Acquisition. N. Czechowska, A. Ewert , Perception of Motion by Polish-English Bilinguals. H. Hendriks, M. Hickmann , Expressing Voluntary Motion in a Second Language: English Learners of French. J.-Y. Chen, J.-J. Su , Chinese-English Bilinguals’ Sensitivity to the Temporal Phase of an Action Event Is Related to the Extent of their Experience with English. B. Bassetti , The Grammatical and Conceptual Gender of Animals in Second Language Users. G. Salvato , Space and Gesture in L2 Users: The Interpretation of Italian Emblematic Gestures. D. Cunningham, J. Vaid, H.C. Chen , Yo No Lo Tiré, Se Cayó Solito , ‘I Did Not Throw It, It Just Fell Down’: Interpreting and Recounting Accidental Events in Spanish and English. M. Siegal, C. Kobayashi Frank, L. Surian, E. Hjelmquist , Theory of Mind and Bilingual Cognition. H. Knickerbocker, J. Altarriba , Bilingualism and the Impact of Emotion: The Role of Experience, Memory, and Sociolinguistic Factors. M. Besemeres , Emotions in Bilingual Life Narratives. Part 3. Applications and Implications of Bilingual Cognition . Introduction. V. Cook , Linguistic Relativity and Language Teaching. J. House , Translation and Bilingual Cognition. P. Sercombe, T. Young , Culture and Cognition in the Study of Intercultural Communication. D. Luna , Advertising to the Buy-Lingual Consumer. Envoi . K. Brooke , Bilinguals Save the World.
"The present volume constitutes a comprehensive and outstanding contribution to the new and expanding field of language and bilingual cognition research. ... Due to the breath of the research areas that are covered and the quality of the chapters that are included, Language and Bilingual Cognition is an invaluable reference for those interested in cognition, bilingualism, and second language acquisition." – Teresa Cadierno, University of Southern Denmark, in International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
"The editors, Vivian Cook and Benedetta Bassetti, provide an impressive set of contributions addressing the connections between language and cognition. ... Language and Bilingual Cognition should be of interest to scholars of both language and cognition, even to those whose research areas do not directly address linguistic relativity. ... Readers who already have good backgrounds in linguistic relativity and bilingualism research will find this volume to be a valuable reference book." – David S. Kreiner in PsycCRITIQUES
This article presents a systematic scoping review of the literature focusing on interactions between classroom dialogue and digital technology. The first review of its type in this area, it both maps ...extant research and, through a process of thematic synthesis, investigates the role of technology in supporting classroom dialogue. In total, 72 studies (published 2000–2016) are analysed to establish the characteristics of existing evidence and to identify themes. The central intention is to enable researchers and others to access an extensive base of studies, thematically analysed, when developing insights and interpretations in a rapidly changing field of study. The discussion illustrates the interconnectedness of key themes, placing the studies in a methodological and theoretical context and examining challenges for the future.
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