Many forest trees have evolved mutualistic symbioses with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that contribute to their phosphorus (P) nutrition. Forest productivity is frequently limited by P, a phenomenon ...that is likely to become more widespread under future conditions of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration CO2. It is thus timely that this review considers current understanding of the key processes (absorption, translocation and transfer to the plant host) in ECM fungus-mediated P nutrition of forest trees. Solubilisation of inorganic P (Pi) and hydrolysis of organic P by ECM fungi in soil occurs largely at the growing mycelial front, where Pi, absorption is facilitated by high affinity transporters. While large gaps remain in our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms that underpin movement of P in ECM mycelia in soil and P transfer to the plant, host P demand seems likely to be a key driver of these processes. ECM fungi may make considerable contributions to meeting the likely increased P demand of trees under elevated CO2 via increased colonization levels, shifts in ECM fungal community structure and changed patterns of EMM production. Further research into the spatial scale of ECM-mediated P movements in soil, along with the interplay between ECM fungi and other soil microflora is advocated.
Extramatrical mycelia (EMM) of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are potentially extensive in soil and receive significant allocations of plant-derived carbon. Although losses from living EMM occur via ...respiration and exudation, EMM represents a considerable biomass component and potential carbon sink in many forest soils. ECM root tips and rhizomorphs may persist in soil for many months, but interactions between grazing arthropods and decomposers probably facilitate more rapid turnover of diffuse EMM. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration CO2 is likely to increase carbon allocation to ECM fungi by their tree hosts. This will probably increase root colonization by ECM fungi and drive changes in their communities in soil. The likely effects of elevated CO2 and other climate change factors on the production and turnover of EMM production are difficult to predict from current evidence, and this hampers our understanding of their potential value as future carbon sinks. Responses of grazing soil arthropods to future climate change will have a strong influence on EMM turnover, along with the abilities of ECM fungi to store carbon in below-ground, and this should be seen as a priority area for future research.
► Extramatrical mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fungi are potentially large C sinks in soil. ► I review the spatial and temporal scales over which they moderate carbon dynamics. ► Some components of extramatrical mycelia probably turn over within a few weeks. ► The influence of future climate change on these processes is also considered.
A key component of biodiversity is the number and abundance of individuals (i.e. genotypes), and yet such intraspecific diversity is rarely considered when investigating the effects of biodiversity ...of mycorrhizal plants and fungi on ecosystem processes. Within a species, individuals vary considerably in important reproductive and functional attributes, including carbon fixation, mycelial growth and nutrient utilization, but this is driven by both genetic and environmental (including climatic) factors. The interactions between individual plants and mycorrhizal fungi can have important consequences for the maintenance of biodiversity and regulation of resource transfers in ecosystems. There is also emerging evidence that assemblages of genotypes may affect ecosystem processes to a similar extent as assemblages of species. The application of whole-genome sequencing and population genomics to mycorrhizal plants and fungi will be crucial to determine the extent to which individual variation in key functional attributes is genetically based. We argue the need to unravel the importance of the diversity (especially assemblages of different evenness and richness) of individuals of both mycorrhizal plants and fungi, and the need to take a ‘community genetics’ approach to better understand the functional significance of the biodiversity of mycorrhizal symbioses.
Aim
These international clinical practice recommendations (CPR) for developmental coordination disorder (DCD), initiated by the European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD), aim to address key ...questions on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of DCD relevant for clinical practice.
Method
Key questions in five areas were considered through literature reviews and formal expert consensus. For recommendations based on evidence, literature searches on ‘mechanisms’, ‘assessment’, and ‘intervention’ were updated since the last recommendations in 2012. New searches were conducted for ‘psychosocial issues’ and ‘adolescents/adults’. Evidence was rated according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine (level of evidence LOE 1–4) and transferred into recommendations. For recommendations based on formal consensus, two meetings of an international, multidisciplinary expert panel were conducted with a further five Delphi rounds to develop good clinical practice (GCP) recommendations.
Results
Thirty‐five recommendations were made. Eight were based on the evidence from literature reviews (three on ‘assessment’, five on ‘intervention’). Twenty‐two were updated from the 2012 recommendations. New recommendations relate to diagnosis and assessment (two GCPs) and psychosocial issues (three GCPs). Additionally, one new recommendation (LOE) reflects active video games as adjuncts to more traditional activity‐oriented and participation‐oriented interventions, and two new recommendations (one GCP, one LOE) were made for adolescents and adults with DCD.
Interpretation
The CPR–DCD is a comprehensive overview of DCD and current understanding based on research evidence and expert consensus. It reflects the state of the art for clinicians and scientists of varied disciplines. The international CPR–DCD may serve as a basis for national guidelines.
What this paper adds
Updated international clinical practice guidelines on developmental coordination disorder (DCD).
Refined and extended recommendations on clinical assessment and intervention for DCD.
A critical synopsis of current research on mechanisms of DCD.
A critical synopsis of psychosocial issues in DCD, with implications for clinical practice.
The first international recommendations to consider adolescents and adults with DCD.
Resumen
Recomendaciones internacionales para la práctica clínica sobre la definición, diagnóstico, evaluación, intervención y aspectos psicosociales del trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación
Objetivo
Estas recomendaciones internacionales para la práctica clínica (RPC) sobre el trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación (TDC), iniciadas por la Academia Europea de Discapacidad Infantil (EACD), tienen como objetivo abordar preguntas clave sobre la definición, diagnóstico, evaluación, intervención y aspectos psicosociales de TDC relevantes para la práctica clínica.
Método
Las preguntas clave en cinco áreas fueron tratadas a través de revisiones bibliográficas y consenso formal de expertos. Para las recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, las búsquedas en la literatura sobre “mecanismos”, “evaluación” e “intervención” se actualizaron desde las últimas recomendaciones en 2012. Se realizaron nuevas búsquedas para “problemas psicosociales” y “adolescentes / adultos”. La evidencia se calificó de acuerdo con la gradación del Centro de Oxford para Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (nivel de evidencia LOE 1–4) y en ello se basaron las recomendaciones. Para recomendaciones basadas en el consenso formal, se llevaron a cabo dos reuniones de un panel multidisciplinario internacional de expertos con cinco rondas Delphi adicionales para desarrollar recomendaciones de buena práctica clínica (BPC).
Resultados
Se realizaron 35 recomendaciones. Ocho de ellas se basaron en la evidencia de las revisiones de la literatura (tres en “evaluación”, cinco en “intervención”). Veintidós fueron actualizadas a partir de las recomendaciones de 2012. Las nuevas recomendaciones se relacionan con el diagnóstico y la evaluación (dos BPC) y las cuestiones psicosociales (tres BPC). Además, una nueva recomendación (LOE) trata acerca de los videojuegos activos como complemento de las intervenciones más tradicionales orientadas a la actividad y la participación, y se hicieron dos nuevas recomendaciones (una BCP, una LOE) para adolescentes y adultos con TDC.
Interpretación
Estas recomendaciones internacionales para la práctica clínica sobre TDC aportan una visión general completa sobre TDC y el conocimiento actual basado en evidencia de investigación y consenso de expertos. Brinda actualización para clínicos y científicos de diversas disciplinas. Las recomendaciones internacionales para la práctica clínica TDC pueden servir como base para recomendaciones nacionales.
Recomendações internacionais para a prática clínica na definição, diagnóstico, avaliação, intervenção e aspectos psicossociais do transtorno do desenvolvimento da coordenação
Objetivo
Essas recomendações internacionais para a prática clínica (RPC) no transtorno do desenvolvimento da coordenação (TDC), iniciadas pela Academia Européia de Deficiência Infantil (EACD), objetiva direcionar questões chave na definição, diagnóstico, avaliação, intervenção e aspectos psicossociais do TDC relevantes para a prática clínica.
Métodos
Questões chave em cinco áreas foram consideradas através de revisões da literatura e consensos formais de especialistas. Para recomendações baseadas em evidências, buscas na literatura em “mecanismos”, “avaliação” e “intervenção” foram atualizadas desde as últimas recomendações de 2012. Novas buscas foram conduzidas para “problemas psicossociais” e “adolescentes/adultos”. Evidências foram classificadas de acordo com o Centro Oxford para Medicina Baseada em Evidência (nível de evidência NE 1‐4) e transferidas em recomendações. Para recomendações baseadas em consensos formais, dois encontros de um painel de especialistas internacional e multidisciplinar foram conduzidos com posteriormente cinco sessões Delphi para desenvolver recomendações de boa prática clínica (BPC).
Resultados
Trinta e cinco recomendações foram feitas. Oito foram baseadas em evidências de revisões da literatura (três em “avaliação”, cinco em “intervenção). Vinte e duas foram atualizadas das recomendações de 2012. Novas recomendações são relacionadas com diagnóstico e avaliação (duas BPC) e problemas psicossociais (três BPCs). Adicionalmente, uma nova recomendação (NE) se refere a jogos de videogame ativos como adjuntos à mais tradicional terapia orientada à tarefa e intervenção orientada à participação, e duas novas recomendações (uma BPC, um NE) foram feitas para adolescentes e adultos com TDC.
Interpretação
A RPC‐TDC apresenta uma visão geral do TDC e o conhecimento atual baseado em evidências de pesquisas e consenso de especialistas. Reflete o estado de arte dos clínicos e cientistas de disciplinas variadas. A RPC‐TDC internacional deverá servir como uma base para as diretrizes nacionais.
What this paper adds
Updated international clinical practice guidelines on developmental coordination disorder (DCD).
Refined and extended recommendations on clinical assessment and intervention for DCD.
A critical synopsis of current research on mechanisms of DCD.
A critical synopsis of psychosocial issues in DCD, with implications for clinical practice.
The first international recommendations to consider adolescents and adults with DCD.
This article's has been translated into Spanish and Portuguese.
Follow the links from the to view the translations.
A pocket version of these guidelines is available as Appendix S1 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dmcn.14132#support-information-section)
Summary
Fungi fulfil a range of important ecological functions, yet current understanding of fungal biodiversity in soil is limited. Direct DNA extraction from soil, coupled with polymerase chain ...reaction amplification and community profiling techniques, has proved successful in investigations of bacterial ecology and shows great promise for elucidating the taxonomic and functional characteristics of soil fungal communities. These community profiling techniques include denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP), amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), amplified ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and cloning, and are generally coupled with DNA sequencing. The techniques and their potential limitations are discussed, along with recent advances that have been made possible through their application in soil fungal ecology. It is unlikely that a single approach will be universally applicable for assessing fungal diversity in all soils or circumstances. However, judicious selection of the methodology, keeping the experimental aims in mind, and the exploitation of emerging technologies will undoubtedly increase our understanding of soil fungal communities in the future.
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with many tree species and are regarded as key organisms in nutrient and carbon cycles in forest ecosystems. Our appreciation of their ...roles in these processes is hampered by a lack of understanding of their soil-borne mycelial systems. These mycelia represent the vegetative thalli of ECM fungi that link carbon-yielding tree roots with soil nutrients, yet we remain largely ignorant of their distribution, dynamics and activities in forest soils. In this review we consider information derived from investigations of fruiting bodies, ECM root tips and laboratory-based microcosm studies, and conclude that these provide only limited insights into soil-borne ECM mycelial communities. Recent advances in understanding soil-borne mycelia of ECM fungi have arisen from the combined use of molecular technologies and novel field experimentation. These approaches have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into the functioning of ECM mycelia at the ecosystem level, particularly in the context of land-use changes and global climate change.
Abstract Sport participation can play an important and positive role in the health and development of children and youth. One area that has recently been receiving greater attention is the role that ...sport participation might play in preventing drug and alcohol use among youth. The current study is a systematic review of 17 longitudinal studies examining the relationship between sport participation and alcohol and drug use among adolescents. Results indicated that sport participation is associated with alcohol use, with 82% of the included studies (14/17) showing a significant positive relationship. Sport participation, however, appears to be related to reduced illicit drug use, especially use of non-cannabis related drugs. Eighty percent of the studies found sport participation associated with decreased illicit drug use, while 50% of the studies found negative association between sport participation and marijuana use. Further investigation revealed that participation in sports reduced the risk of overall illicit drug use, but particularly during high school; suggesting that this may be a critical period to reduce or prevent the use of drugs through sport. Future research must better understand what conditions are necessary for sport participation to have beneficial outcomes in terms of preventing alcohol and/or illicit drug use. This has been absent in the extent literature and will be central to intervention efforts in this area.
Objective:
Little is known about mental health service use among Canadian children and youth. Our objective was to examine temporal trends in mental health service use across different sectors of the ...health care system among children and youth living in Ontario.
Methods:
We conducted a population-based, repeated annual cross-sectional study of mental health service use, including mental health- and addictions-related emergency department (ED) visits, psychiatric hospitalizations, and mental health-related outpatient physician visits using linked health administrative databases. Subjects included Ontario residents between 10 and 24 years of age. We tested temporal trends between 2006 and 2011 using linear regression models.
Results:
Between 2006 and 2011, the relative increase in rates of mental health-related ED visits and hospitalizations were 32.5% and 53.7%, respectively. The absolute increase in anxiety disorders, the most common reason for ED visits, was 2.2 per 1000 population (P < 0.001) while mood and affective disorders, the most common reason for hospitalizations, showed an increase of 0.6 per 1000 population (P < 0.01). The overall relative increase in rates of outpatient visits was 15.8%, with the largest absolute increase found among family physician visits (28.7 per 1000 population, P = 0.01).
Conclusions:
Mental health care use for children and youth is increasing over time in all sectors, but appears to be increasing at a greater rate in the acute care sector. Further research is required to understand whether the observed differences reflect difficulty with access to outpatient care.
Spatial patterns in community structure are known to exist at a range of spatial scales. By understanding the relative importance of spatial and environmental variation in shaping community ...structure, it is possible to gain insight into the complexity of the underlying mechanisms driving community assembly. Here, we investigated how fungal community assembly is impacted by species sorting across a strong environmental filter in the same geographic space. Using a spatially explicit sampling design, root and soil associated fungal communities were sampled from eight study sites over a 500 km transect along the south-east coast of Australia. The relative importance of spatial and environmental factors in shaping fungal beta diversity was determined across a range of scales, along with the importance of deterministic and stochastic processes in shaping fungal beta diversity changes for each community type. Fungal community composition patterns were found to be generally similar in both root and soil associated communities, across the scales included in the sampling design (40 m–500 km). However, the mechanisms responsible for driving community assembly differed in the root and soil associated communities. Niche-based processes were found to be influential in shaping soil fungal community assembly, while the patterns in root-associated community structure were consistent with neutral assembly. This may be due to factors such as niche breadth, environmental heterogeneity, dispersal, and immigration differing in importance among the two environments. Our results indicate that both niche and neutral processes can be active in fungal community assembly and provide insight into the conditions under which each class of processes dominate.
•The importance of spatial and environmental factors in shaping fungal beta diversity was determined over a 500 km transect.•Niche-based processes were influential in shaping soil fungal community diversity.•Patterns in root-associated fungal community structure were consistent with neutral assembly.•Niche and neutral processes can drive fungal community assembly but are dependent on the environmental context.
•DCD is associated with higher rates of internalizing problems in children. Why is not known.•In a previous paper, the environmental stress hypothesis was introduced as one explanation.•In this ...paper, we elaborate further on this hypothesis, presenting a modified stress process model.•In addition, we consider the role that both physical inactivity and obesity might play in this model.•We review literature that supports the model, identify gaps in knowledge and discuss implications for intervention.
There is a growing literature connecting poor motor coordination to physical and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents. These studies suggest that children with disorders such as developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are at greater risk for depression and anxiety, as well as obesity, and poor physical fitness. With regard to internalizing problems (symptoms of depression and anxiety), there is also evidence to suggest that the environment may play an important role in the etiology of psychological distress in this population. Cairney, Veldhuizen, & Szatmari, 2010 used the phrase “environmental stress hypothesis” to highlight the role that negative exposure to personal and interpersonal stressors might play in accounting for higher rates of internalizing symptoms in children with DCD. In this paper, we elaborate further on this basic premise, offering a model linking DCD to internalizing problems based on Pearlin’s stress process framework. In addition to stressors (risk) and protective factors, we incorporate both physical activity and obesity into our stress model. Next, we review the existing literature to see if there is evidence supporting specific components (pathways) of the model. In doing so, areas in need of further research are identified. Implications for intervention are also provided.
PDF
