God and the Government Kay, Aaron C; Gaucher, Danielle; Napier, Jamie L ...
Journal of personality and social psychology,
07/2008, Letnik:
95, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The authors propose that the high levels of support often observed for governmental and religious systems can be explained, in part, as a means of coping with the threat posed by chronically or ...situationally fluctuating levels of perceived personal control. Three experiments demonstrated a causal relation between lowered perceptions of personal control and the defense of external systems, including increased beliefs in the existence of a controlling God (Studies 1 and 2) and defense of the overarching socio-political system (Study 4). A 4th experiment (Study 5) showed the converse to be true: A challenge to the usefulness of external systems of control led to increased illusory perceptions of personal control. In addition, a cross-national data set demonstrated that lower levels of personal control are associated with higher support for governmental control (across 67 nations; Study 3). Each study identified theoretically consistent moderators and mediators of these effects. The implications of these results for understanding why a high percentage of the population believes in the existence of God, and why people so often endorse and justify their socio-political systems, are discussed.
Citizen science values include increasing natural resource management, enabling large-scale research, promoting education and scientific literacy, addressing environmental injustice, mitigating ...climate change, and more. Project leaders often work toward multiple outcomes at once and must prioritize their focus. Prioritization is complicated given the competing interests of scientists, volunteers, funders, and others. According to role conflict theory, this negatively affects the ability of project leaders to carry out their jobs. We conducted a phenomenological study with project leaders (n = 65) to understand perceptions as they relate to diverse goals and interests. Project leaders who described misalignment between their own goals and what they perceived to be their organization's goals more frequently reported challenges related to balancing scientists' and volunteers' interests, convincing colleagues to trust data, and being part-time employees. Given these results, we describe important implications for how organizations engaging in citizen science can address these challenges and better achieve goals.
Purpose
Pseudocirrhosis is a term used to describe changes in hepatic contour that mimic cirrhosis radiographically, but lack the classic pathologic features of cirrhosis. This radiographic finding ...is frequently found in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), but the risk factors and clinical consequences are poorly understood.
Methods
In this retrospective study, we identified patients with MBC and pseudocirrhosis who were treated at a single center from 2002 to 2021. We used chart extraction and radiology review to determine demographic characteristics, treatment history, imaging features, and complications of pseudocirrhosis.
Results
120 patients with MBC and pseudocirrhosis were identified with the following BC subtypes: hormone receptor (HR) positive, HER2 negative (
n
= 99, 82.5%), HR+/HER2+ (
n
= 14, 11.7%), HR− /HER2+ (
n
= 3, 2.5%), and triple negative (TNBC;
n
= 4, 3.3%). All patients had liver metastases and 82.5% (
n
= 99) had > 15 liver lesions. Thirty-six patients (30%) presented with de novo metastatic disease. Median time from MBC diagnosis to pseudocirrhosis was 29.2 months. 50% of patients had stable or responding disease at the time of pseudocirrhosis diagnosis. Sequelae of pseudocirrhosis included radiographic ascites (
n
= 97, 80.8%), gastric/esophageal varices (
n
= 68, 56.7%), splenomegaly (
n
= 26, 21.7%), GI bleeding (
n
= 12, 10.0%), and hepatic encephalopathy (
n
= 11, 9.2%). Median survival was 7.9 months after pseudocirrhosis diagnosis. Radiographic ascites was associated with shorter survival compared to no radiographic ascites (42.8 vs. 76.2 months,
p
= < 0.001).
Conclusions
This is the largest case series of patients with MBC and pseudocirrhosis. Nearly all patients had HR+ MBC and extensive liver metastases. Survival was short after pseudocirrhosis and prognosis worse with radiographic ascites.
Background
Lumbar puncture (LP) and collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are increasingly essential in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD) research. Ultrasound‐assisted lumbar ...puncture (Us‐LP) has not been studied in ADRD research and could improve LP success rates through more accurate anatomical site selection, precise planning, and individualized intra‐procedure adjustments. This pilot study assessed the feasibility, utility, and tolerability of Us‐LP in ADRD research.
Method
LP clinician‐researchers from ADRD centers completed simulation‐based Us‐LP training using the Philips Lumify system, a portable hand‐held transducer connecting to a tablet. Thereafter, clinician‐researchers had the option to use Us‐LP during research LPs. Participant demographics and attitudes about LP were obtained prior to LP. The clinician‐researchers completed a post‐LP questionnaire assessing procedural details, choices, and LP performance.
Result
Following training, four clinician‐researchers implemented Us‐LP into their practices. Between August 2019‐March 2020, 58 research participants (Table 1) underwent LP. Clinician‐researchers used Us‐LP on 37/58 (64%) participants. Compared to conventional‐LP, Us‐LP choice was associated with higher/highest BMI and older/oldest age categories (Tables 2,3). A U‐shaped relationship between BMI and Age in Us‐LP choice was noted (Figure 1). Us‐LP was also the choice in all who were most obese; in most who were moderately overweight‐to‐obese; and in all who were oldest and moderately overweight‐to‐obese. There were no differences between those receiving conventional‐LP compared to US‐LP with respect to participant history of chronic pain or headache, prior attitudes about LP, success rate, or post‐LP complications.
Conclusion
Training clinician‐researchers in Us‐LP and implementing portable hand‐held Us‐LP for ADRD research studies demonstrated feasibility, utility and tolerability. Pilot data indicated that clinician‐researchers were more likely to use Us‐LP in perceived challenging cases including the most obese, and those oldest and moderately overweight‐to‐obese. More studies are needed to determine if using Us‐LP in ADRD research will improve LP success rates, tolerability, and participant willingness to undergo LP. Improving these factors will accelerate CSF biomarker, aging and ADRD research. Furthermore, with potential availability of AD disease‐modifying treatments in the coming years, LP and CSF collection are likely to play a crucial role in patient selection for treatment.
Gas exchange at high wind speeds is not well understood—few studies have been conducted at wind speeds above 20 ms−1 and significant disagreement exists between gas exchange models at high wind ...speeds. In this study, noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) were measured in 35 experiments in the SUSTAIN wind‐wave tank where the wind speeds ranged from 20 to 50 m s−1 and mechanical waves were generated as monochromatic or with a short‐crested JONSWAP frequency spectrum. Bubble size spectra were determined using shadowgraph imagery and wave statistics were measured using a wave wire array. The steady state saturation anomalies and gas fluxes initially increased as wind speeds increased but then leveled off, similar to prior studies of heat and momentum flux coefficients. Noble gas fluxes and steady state saturation anomalies are correlated most strongly with bubble volumes for the less soluble noble gases and with wind speed and wave Reynolds number for the more soluble noble gases. In the JONSWAP experiments, significant wave height was the most important predictor for gas steady state saturation anomalies with correlation coefficients of greater than 0.92 for He, Ne, and Ar (P < 0.05). Furthermore, invasion fluxes were larger than evasion fluxes when other conditions were similar. Taken together, these lab‐based experiments suggest more attention should be paid to parameterizations based on wave characteristics and bubbles and that current wind‐speed based gas exchange parameterizations should not be applied to conditions with very high wind speeds.
Plain Language Summary
Gases, such as carbon dioxide, are transferred between the atmosphere and the ocean. Understanding how much gas goes back and forth and how we, as humans, can best predict that, is really important for accurately predicting the effects of climate change. Gas transfer is hard to measure directly so often scientists make estimates, also known as parameterizations, of gas transfer based on the easy to measure variable wind speed. These parameterizations are typically based on data from wind speeds of less than 25 m s−1 since it is hard to sample the ocean in high wind conditions. Current parameterizations expect that at higher wind speeds, the gas transfer will increase dramatically, increasing as either the square or the cube of the wind speed. In this study, we conducted experiments at wind speeds up to 50 m s−1 (category III hurricane) in a controlled wind‐wave tank in order to directly study gas exchange at very high wind speeds. We found a surprising behavior—above a certain wind speed, the gas transfer stopped changing, even as wind speed increased more. We also found that using wave characteristics and bubble volume enabled better prediction of gas transfer than just using wind speed.
Key Points
Air sea fluxes of noble gases initially increase as wind speed increases from 20 to 35 m s−1 but then level off at higher speeds
Steady state saturation anomalies are more strongly correlated with bubble volume and significant wave height than with wind speed
Invasion fluxes are larger in magnitude than evasion fluxes under similar conditions
Summary
The number of UK hospital patients receiving procedural sedation remains unknown. Our trainee research network recorded all procedural sedation given over a 48‐h period at six acute hospitals ...in the South West of England. Three hundred and sixty patients aged between 1 and 96 years old were sedated. Most sedation occurred in endoscopy units (56.4%), operating theatres (30.3%) and cardiology departments (7.2%). Sedation was administered in 82.8% of cases by consultants, and in only 5.6% of cases by nurses. The most frequent sedative combination was midazolam and fentanyl, with median (IQR range) doses of 2 (2–3 1–10) mg and 50 (50–100 10–300) μg used, respectively. We tested a methodology that could be used in a UK‐wide denominator survey to describe sedation practice across the NHS. A national audit collecting serious adverse outcomes of sedation (severe harm or death) could then identify hotspots of sedation risk (clinical areas, patient groups, procedures and sedation techniques) where consistent application of current and improved standards might reduce harm.
Ever since the NCAA changed its stance and permitted student‐athletes to receive compensation for their name, image, and likeness, there's been an explosion of rules, guidance, and even state laws ...regulating NIL. Because NIL is new, its regulation has been evolving, with the NCAA releasing numerous iterations of its own guidance for institutions, and state legislatures enacting, amending, and in some cases even repealing NIL legislation. The end result of all of this is a patchwork system of rules and laws that have created confusion among student‐athletes, institutions, coaches, collectives, and other NIL stakeholders about what is and isn’t true about current NIL regulation. In this article, we’ll try to bring some clarity to these rules by discussing four myths surrounding NIL.
Looking back, 2023 proved to be yet another important year for the landscape of college sports and name, image, and likeness. As we look ahead to 2024, it's imperative for higher education ...stakeholders to consider how the landscape will evolve further. Here, we delve into the future of NIL in 2024 and offer some predictions and insights that could define this year of college sports.
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