The Chilean bottled water market has experienced continuous growth since 2000, surpassing 500 million liters sold in 2015. Generally, consumers tend to associate the consumption of bottled water with ...a healthy lifestyle, but current Chilean law does not require the product to be labelled with the chemical composition, thus preventing consumers from making informed choices.
Our study focuses on determining the water quality of ten brands of bottled water available for sale in Santiago, Chile. All of the analyzed water was not carbonated and in plastic containers in the 1.5 L size when available and the closest size to this when not available. Thirty-two chemical elements were analyzed, including minor and trace elements, and the data have been evaluated with respect to the limits established by Chilean and international regulatory agencies.
Our results indicate that the quality of the analyzed water generally complies with Chilean law for bottled water. However, 30% of the analyzed samples exceed the values of arsenic (As) permitted by Chilean drinking water regulations, the World Health Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In 40% of the samples, the NO3 content is higher than groundwater values suggesting that the source of the bottled water is superficial. The purified bottled water brands contain minimal amounts of dissolved elements but do not comply with all of the parameters (e.g., pH) established by Chilean drinking water regulations.
Our study highlights that there is an inconsistency between the Chilean norms that regulate bottled water and those that regulate drinking water. Some of the analyzed bottled waters do not comply with the drinking water regulations and paradoxically these brands should not be consumed by humans. However, risk assessment calculations for As ingestion show that the consumption of 1 L/day of bottled water does not pose a risk for human health.
•Chilean bottled waters do not comply with national drinkable water regulations.•As levels in some Chilean bottled waters exceed values established by WHO and EPA.•Risk evaluation reveals As in bottled water (1 L/d) is not a threat for humans.
This review paper is intended to be a guideline to novices on how to conduct research on silicate melt inclusions in volcanic environments, which analytical techniques are more suitable to gather the ...desired data and the major pitfalls scientist may encounter. Silicate melt inclusions (SMIs) are small quantities of silicate melt that are trapped in minerals during their growth or crystallization. They contain liquids formed in equilibrium with their host minerals and therefore record the liquid line of descent of magmatic systems. Upon trapping, SMIs become ideally closed to the surrounding environment, and behave as time capsules, giving important information about processes that originated magmas and the nature of their mantle source. A melt inclusions investigation is composed of several steps: (1) a detailed petrographic study to characterize and select representative SMIs, with the aim of identifying Melt Inclusions Assemblages (MIA), the only reliable tool to assess that SMIs obey Roedder's rules and have not re-equilibrated following entrapment; (2) a careful preparation of samples for re-heating experiments and microanalysis; (3) high temperature studies in order to homogenize the SMIs and be able to perform chemical analysis; (4) interpretation of SMIs data, which should always be compared with bulk rock composition and relevant experimentally derived liquid compositions. We suggest that the search for good SMI candidates for study will be achieved by good petrographic analysis of SMIs and detailed petrographic information (size, shape, appearance, position relative to the host and other SMI within the same host). If the goal of a SMIs study is to determine volatile concentrations, assessing the relative time of trapping among SMIs is of paramount importance, as it allows understanding if the variation in volatile concentrations is consistent with a certain magmatic physical–chemical process. Researchers that choose to work with SMIs face several challenges. SMIs are not always hosted in all samples or they can be difficult to recognize (mostly due to their small size). Additionally, due several processes, such as post-entrapment crystallization, boundary layer and sampling melt heterogeneity at the micron scale, they may not be representative of the original trapped melt composition.
•Silicate melt inclusions are small quantities of melt trapped in minerals during their growth.•Silicate melt inclusions record the liquid line of descent of magmatic systems.•The search for good SMI candidates for study is achieved by detailed petrographic study.•Their study includes homogenization and analysis by EMP, SIMS, Raman, FTIR, LA-ICPMS, etc.•Due to several processes, they may not be representative of the original trapped melt composition.
The Campanian Plain in southern Italy has been volcanically active for at least the last 300ka. The Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) erupted at 39.3ka, has a volume of ≥310km3 and a great areal extent. ...However, significant, but scattered deposits of older ignimbrites underlie the CI and document a long history of volcanism. We examined the mineralogy and geochemistry of 11 older ignimbrite strata by optical petrography, electron microprobe, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and various whole-rock geochemical techniques. We have analyzed strata at Durazzano (116.1ka), Moschiano (184.7ka), Seiano Valley (245.9 and 289.6ka), and Taurano — Acqua Feconia (157.4, 183.8, 205.6, and 210.4ka) that have been previously dated on unaltered sanidine. The older ignimbrites are highly altered with loss on ignition (LOI) that ranges from 17 to 8wt%. Whole-rock compositions reflect variable element mobility during weathering; e.g., CaO is enriched and Na2O depleted relative to hydration. X-ray diffraction identified major chabazite, kaolinite, and illite alteration products in some samples. Rhabdophane-(Nd), usually intergrown with chabazite and Mn-carbonate, indicates that some LREE were also mobilized during weathering. The phenocryst mineralogy is typical for Campanian Plain (CP) magmas and consists of plagioclase (An88 Ab11 Or1 to An32 Ab63 Or5), potassium feldspar (Or40 Ab57 An3 to Or79 Ab18 An3), biotite (TiO2=~4–7wt%, BaO=up to 2wt%, F=up to 2wt%), diopside (Ca47Mg47Fe6 to Ca48Mg29Fe23), and titaniferous magnetite. Relatively immobile trace elements Zr, Hf, Th, Ta, V, and Nb were used to investigate element abundance and ratio compared to the Campanian Ignimbrite and other CP magmas. Zr/Hf of the older ignimbrites is similar to that of the CI, but Ta is depleted relative to Th and V is enriched compared to CI. Th/Ta and Nb/V distributions for most of the older ignimbrites are similar to those in the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff with the exception of the sample MS-1 from Moschiano that is more evolved and similar to Campanian Ignimbrite. All older ignimbrite Zr/Hf (w/w) and many Nb/Ta (w/w) ratios are superchondritic that suggests that the older ignimbrites represent fractional crystallization products of parental magmas generated from enriched mantle without significant addition of continental crust.
The Panarea Volcanic Group (PVG) is a group of emergent islands rising from the truncated cone of an underwater edifice in the eastern sector of the Aeolian Island Arc in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. ...Selected lava units from the main island of Panarea and some of the nearby islets were analysed for their major and trace element compositions to the dataset available in the literature. Major mineral phases were identified as plagioclase ± clinopyroxene ± orthopyroxene ± olivine ± amphibole ± mica. The lavas of this study range from andesite to rhyolite with major element compositions equivalent to previously published data. Pyroxene geobarometry suggests a polybaric distribution to crystal fractionation, beginning at the Moho, and continuing to a shallow magma reservoir, at approximately 0.8 km depth. A plot of Nd
143
/Nd
144
vs. Sr
87
/Sr
86
show the compositions of Panarea overlap with the compositions of the eastern and central Aeolian Arc, while Pb
208
/Pb
204
vs. Pb
206
/Pb
204
do not overlap, but fall between the central and eastern arc values. As major and trace element concentrations, and isotope compositions of the lavas of this study overlap most consistently with lava compositions from the central and eastern Aeolian Arc, indicating Panarea should be considered an “intermediate” volcano in the arc.
Soil geochemistry is often investigated by considering a large number of variables, including major, minor and trace elements. Some of the variables are usually highly correlated due to coherent ...geochemical behaviour, but the effect of anthropic factors tends to increase data variability, sometimes obscuring natural relationships governing their distributions. In this framework it may be difficult to identify geochemical features linked to natural phenomena as well as to separate geogenic anomaly from the anthropogenic ones. Consequently the identification of background/baseline values may be seriously compromised. However, knowledge about these reference terms is fundamental to manage and protect natural resources on different scales. Moreover, adequate estimations of background/baseline values are possible only if a sufficient number of chemical analyses are stored in complex repositories.
In this contribution the multi-element data archive of the Campania Region (Southern Italy) was explored from the CoDA (Compositional Data Analysis) multivariate perspective to characterise its structure. The archive contains abundance data of Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Th, Ti, V and Zn (mg/kg) determined in 3535 new topsoils as well as information on coordinates, geology and land cover. Under CoDA the proportionality features of abundance data are fully taken into account enhancing their relative multivariate behaviour in the correct sample space.
Results indicate that the structure of the whole matrix appears to be constituted by a core that geographically is mainly given by topsoils developed on volcanic materials and several outlier compositions whose origin is different. Anomalous compositions can originate from the robust barycentre all around when the following conditions are present: 1) high Na–K volcanic products, 2) limestones and dolostones with their terrigenous component, 3) flysch deposits or 4) fertiliser contribution.
The (1×D) robust barycentre of the whole dataset together with the variation array of the core represents the most frequent (1×D) multi-element vector as well as the proportionality relationships among its components. It might be considered a compositional baseline.
•A multi-element archive for topsoil geochemical data was explored.•CoDA (Compositional Data Analysis) principles were applied.•Robust procedures were adopted.•The most representative composition (baseline composition?) was identified.•Outlier compositions were related to different geochemical paths.
The oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the Earth’s upper mantle and its melting products is an important parameter in the geochemical evolution of arc magmas and their connection with the continental crustal ...construction and growth. Several works have focused on the fO2 of peridotite xenoliths, primitive melts in relatively young arc settings, and mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) but few studies have attempted to examine the early redox history of primitive magmas in mature arcs. Hence, our understanding of the nature and evolution of fO2 during the subduction cycle remains limited. Here, we investigate the basaltic tephra from the Los Hornitos monogenetic cones in central-southern Chile, which are among the most primitive materials reported in the Southern Andes (olivine Mg# ≤ 92.5, and Ni ≤ 5000 µg·g−1). These features offer a unique opportunity to explore the fO2 conditions below the Andean arc by studying olivine phenocrysts and their contained crystal and melt inclusions. We integrated EPMA, LA-ICP-MS, and µ-XANES analyses to constrain the redox conditions recorded in the basaltic tephra by three different and self-reliant methods. First, we determined the fO2 based on the olivine-spinel equilibrium, yielding average values ΔFMQ + 1.3 ± 0.4 (1σ). Second, we constrained the fO2 conditions of melt inclusions using Fe µ-XANES data and the redox dependent olivine-melt vanadium partitioning. After correcting for post-entrapment crystallization and diffusive iron loss, the Fe µ-XANES data indicate that the melt inclusions were trapped in average at ΔFMQ +2.5 ± 0.5 (1σ). Results using the olivine-melt vanadium partitioning oxybarometer in melt inclusions are in agreement with Fe µ-XANES data, yielding average ΔFMQ values of +2.6 ± 0.3 (1σ). In order to test the potential effects of other post-entrapment modifications of the melt inclusions that could have affected the fO2 prior to eruption, we assessed the residence time of these magmas using Mg-Fe interdiffusion modelling in olivine. The short residence times (<200 days) compared to vanadium re-equilibration models strongly suggest that the melt inclusions preserve the prevailing fO2 conditions during their entrapment. Correlations between melt inclusions major element composition and their fO2 determined by Fe µ-XANES, as well as V/Sc modelling reveal a case of post-melting oxidation of the LHC magmas. We argue that primitive arc magmas behave as an open system with respect to fO2 during their early geochemical evolution. Our data indicate a complex fO2 early history of primitive melts in the southern Andes and provide a cautionary note on the direct extrapolation of primitive melts fO2 values to that of their mantle source.
Rare Earth Element (REE) concentrations in agricultural soil obtained from the Mobile Metal Ion (MMI®) weak extraction technique are compared with soil total concentrations (sodium peroxide fusion ...followed by acid dissolution) for 118 and 174 agricultural soil samples from Italy and Sweden, respectively. Spatial distribution maps and statistics for both analytical techniques are compared between the two national datasets. In spite of similarity of REE concentration in two countries, the median values of REE is higher than Italy but extreme concentration of REE in Italy is due to young volcanic activities. Extractability of REEs is significantly higher in Swedish soils than in Italian soils. Heavy Rare Earth Element (HREE) in Sweden show higher concentrations compared to Italy in MMI® extraction data where correlate with REE mineralisation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to elucidate correlations and anomalies in the REE distribution. Results show that there is a clear correlation between REE anomalies and natural factors such as lithology of the underlying bedrock, the presence of mineralisations, pH of soils, climate and precipitation. According to the PCA results, anomalous behaviour of Eu, Ce, Tb and Gd can be explained by the dominant mineralogy of the parent material and the variable affinity of REEs to bind to clay minerals and clay-size particles.
•Rare earth element concentration in agricultural soil compared in Italy and Sweden.•Result of REE distribution in soil by weak and total extraction methods are compared.•Principal component analysis is used to elucidate anomalies in the REE distribution.
Campi Flegrei is a large volcanic complex (∼
150 km
2) located west of the city of Naples, Italy. The area has been the site of volcanic activity for more than 60,000 years and represents a potential ...volcanic hazard owing to the large local population. In this study, the geochemistry of the magma associated with two different eruptions at Campi Flegrei has been characterized, with the aim to identify geochemical trends that may help to predict the style and nature of future eruptions. Two eruptions of different age and eruptive style have been selected for study, Fondo Riccio (9.5 ka) and Minopoli 1 (11.1 ka). A scoria (CF-FR-C1) and a bomb (CF-FR-C2) were collected from the Fondo Riccio eruption, and two scoria samples were collected from the Minopoli 1 (CF-Mi1-C1 and C2) eruptive products.
The pre-eruptive volatile content of magma plays an important role in the style of eruption. The original volatile content of magma can be assessed from studies of melt inclusion (MI) contained in phenocrysts. MI data show two trends for Fondo Riccio – one from latite to trachyte for MI in Fe-rich diopside (C1) and another from trachybasalt to shoshonite for MI in Mg-rich diopside (C2) and for MI in olivine (C1). Minopoli 1 MI data show two different compositions – basaltic for MI in clinopyroxene (Mi1-C1) and trachybasalt for MI in olivine (Mi1-C1) and clinopyroxene (Mi1-C2). Major and trace element data for Fondo Riccio MI show a compositional gap between Mg# 78 and 83, whereas Minopoli 1 MI have Mg# between 85 and 89 and show no compositional gap. Clinopyroxene compositions fall in the diopside–salite field for Fondo Riccio and in the diopside field for Minopoli 1. Fondo Riccio olivine compositions show a wider range (Fo
84.60 to Fo
86.77), compared to Minopoli 1 olivine (Fo
77 to Fo
78.5). Analyses of reheated MI suggest trends in MI volatile contents that correlate with SiO
2 concentration. In particular, more evolved MI show higher Cl and lower S compared to less evolved MI. The H
2O content of MI from the two eruptions overlap but suggest that the Fondo Riccio magma may have been more water-rich. The higher H
2O content of the Fondo Riccio magma (2.5 to 6.9 wt.%) compared to Minopoli 1 (1–3.5 wt.%) is consistent with the more explosive nature of Fondo Riccio eruption compared to Minopoli 1.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oregano essential oil, carvacrol and thymol on biofilm-grown Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, as well as the effects ...of the oils on biofilm formation. For most of the S. aureus (n=6) and S. epidermidis (n=6) strains tested, the biofilm inhibitory concentration (0.125-0.500 %, v/v, for oregano, and 0.031-0.125 %, v/v, for carvacrol and thymol) and biofilm eradication concentration (0.25-1.0 %, v/v, for oregano and 0.125-0.500 %, v/v, for carvacrol and thymol) values were twofold or fourfold greater than the concentration required to inhibit planktonic growth. Subinhibitory concentrations of the oils attenuated biofilm formation of S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains on polystyrene microtitre plates.
Endoscopic and histologic remission are important goals in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated the correlation of the recently developed Paddington International Virtual ...ChromoendoScopy ScOre (PICaSSO) and other established endoscopic scores against multiple histological indices and prospectively assessed outcomes.
In this prospective multicenter international study, inflammatory activity was assessed with high-definition and virtual chromoendoscopy in the rectum and sigmoid using the Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES), UC Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS), and PICaSSO. Targeted biopsies were taken for assessment using Robarts Histological Index (RHI), Nancy Histological index (NHI), ECAP (Extent, Chronicity, Activity, Plus score), Geboes, and Villanacci. Follow-up data were obtained at 6 and 12 months after colonoscopy.
A total of 307 patients were recruited. There was strong correlation between PICaSSO and histology scores, significantly superior to correlation coefficients of MES and UCEIS with histology scores. A PICaSSO score of ≤3 detected histologic remission by RHI (≤3 + absence of neutrophils) with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) 0.90 (95% confidence interval CI 0.86–0.94) and NHI (≤1) AUROC 0.82 (95% CI 0.77–0.87). The interobserver agreement for PICaSSO was 0.88 (95% CI 0.83–0.92). At 6- and 12-months follow-up, PICaSSO score ≤3 predicted better outcomes than PICaSSO >3 (hazard ratio HR 0.19 0.11–0.33 and 0.22 0.13–0.34, respectively),} as well as PICaSSO 4–8 (HR 0.25 0.12–0.53 and 0.22 (0.12–0.39), respectively) and similar to histologic remission.
In this first real-life multicenter study, the PICaSSO score correlated strongly with multiple histological indices. Furthermore, PICaSSO score predicted specified clinical outcomes at 6 and 12 months, similar to histology. Thus, PICaSSO can be a useful endoscopic tool in the therapeutic management of UC.
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