Abstract
Introduction: The main aim of the study was to estimate average daily sodium availability of Slovenian consumers based on the food purchase data for the period 2000-2009. The secondary aim ...was to look for food group contributors to sodium availability.
Methods:
Food purchase records (Household Budget Survey) as well as country-specific reference values and food composition information were used to estimate mean sodium availability of purchased foods (grams of sodium/person/ day - g Na/p/day) as well as food groups and foods with the largest contribution to the total sodium availability.
Discussion and results:
The mean sodium availability of purchased foods decreased in the period 2000-2009 and was on average 2,104±132 mg Na/p/day, not accounting for ready-made meals, most semi-prepared foods and adding salt during cooking and at the table. The key food group contributors of sodium in Slovenia were breads and bakery products (35.0%), meat products (27.9%), processed vegetables (6.6%) and cheeses (5.3%).
Conclusions:
Notwithstanding the smaller purchased quantities of higher-sodium foods (e.g. sausages, prosciutto, dry meat, pickled cucumbers) in comparison to larger purchased quantities of the medium-sodium foods (e.g. white bread, mixed bread, brown bread, milk, rolls), both food groups contribute significant amounts of sodium in the diets of Slovenians.
Izvleček
Uvod: Glavni namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti razpoložljivost natrija v kupljenih živilih v Sloveniji. Osnovo so predstavljali podatki nacionalne raziskave o porabi v gospodinjstvih za obdobje 2000-2009. Sekundarni cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, katere skupine živil prispevajo k največji razpoložljivosti natrija v prehrani slovenskih porabnikov.
Metode:
Za oceno povprečnega vnosa natrija (izraženega v gramih natrijevega klorida/oseba/dan - g osebo/Na/dan) v kupljenih živilih in glavnih skupinah živil so bili uporabljeni podatki o povprečni porabi živil v gospodinjstvih in podatki o hranilni sestavi živil.
Razprava in rezultati:
Povprečna vrednost razpoložljivega natrija v kupljenih živilih se je v obdobju od leta 2000 do leta 2009 znižala in znaša v povprečju 2,104±132 mg natrija/osebo/dan. Pri tem niso bile upoštevane vrednosti vnosa pripravljenih in polpripravljenih obrokov ter dosoljevanje hrane pri mizi. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so ključne skupine živil, ki prispevajo največje količine natrija v prehrani prebivalcev Slovenije, kruh in pekovski izdelki (35,0%), mesni izdelki (27,9%), konzervirana zelenjava (6,6%) in siri (5,3%).
Zaključki:
Raziskava je pokazala, da k vnosu natrija v prehrani prebivalcev Slovenije znatno prispevajo živila, ki vsebujejo višje vrednosti natrija (npr. salame, pršut, sušeno meso, vložena zelenjava) in ki se jih v prehrani ljudi zaužije v nižjih količinah, in živila s srednjimi vrednostmi natrija (npr. bele in mešane vrste kruha, črni kruh), ki se jih porabi v večjih količinah.
ABSTRACT IN SPANISH: OBJETIVO: Analizar la utilidad de la medición de la excreción urinaria de sodio a partir de la recolección puntual o cronometrada de muestras de orina para calcular la ingesta de ...sodio alimentario en la población, en relación con la prueba de referencia que mide la excreción de sodio en orina de 24 horas. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda de bibliografía electrónica en MEDLINE (desde 1950) y EMBASE (desde 1980), así como en la Biblioteca Cochrane, empleando los términos "sodium", "salt" y "urine" (sodio, sal y orina). Se examinaron las publicaciones completas de los estudios que incluían 30 o más sujetos humanos sanos en los que se hubiera determinado la excreción de sodio mediante la recolección de orina de 24 horas o un método alternativo (recolección puntual, de toda la noche, cronometrada). RESULTADOS: La revisión incluyó a 1,380,130 participantes de 20 estudios. El principal método estadístico adoptado para comparar las recolecciones de orina de 24 horas con los métodos alternativos fue el uso de un coeficiente de correlación (r). Las muestras de orina recolectadas de forma puntual, cronometrada y de toda la noche estaban sujetas a mayor variabilidad intra e interindividual que las recolecciones de orina de 24 horas. Se obtuvo una amplia gama de coeficientes de correlación entre las determinaciones de sodio en orina de 24 horas y mediante los otros métodos. Algunos valores fueron elevados, lo que indica su utilidad (r de hasta 0,94), mientras que otros fueron bajos (r por debajo de 0,17), lo que indica su falta de utilidad. La mejor alternativa a la obtención de orina de 24 horas (de toda la noche, cronometrada, o puntual) no resultó evidente, ni tampoco la base biológica de la variabilidad entre el método de 24 horas y los alternativos. CONCLUSIONES: Hay mucho interés en remplazar la determinación de sodio en orina de 24 horas por otros métodos más fáciles de evaluación del sodio alimentario. Sin embargo, sigue habiendo incertidumbre sobre la fiabilidad de los métodos alternativos. Es preciso ampliar la investigación, incluido el uso de un diseño de estudio y pruebas estadísticas apropiados, para determinar la utilidad de los métodos alternativos. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of urine sodium (Na) excretion in spot or timed urine samples to estimate population dietary Na intake relative to the gold standard of 24-hour (h) urinary Na. METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted of MEDLINE (from 1950) and EMBASE (from 1980) as well as the Cochrane Library using the terms "sodium," "salt," and "urine." Full publications of studies that examined 30 or more healthy human subjects with both urinary Na excretion in 24-h urine and one alternative method (spot, overnight, timed) were examined. RESULTS: The review included 1,380,130 participants in 20 studies. The main statistical method for comparing 24-h urine collections with alternative methods was the use of a correlation coefficient. Spot, timed, and overnight urine samples were subject to greater intra-individual and interindividual variability than 24-h urine collections. There was a wide range of correlation coefficients between 24-h urine Na and other methods. Some values were high, suggesting usefulness (up to r = 0.94), while some were low (down to r = 0.17), suggesting a lack of usefulness. The best alternative to collecting 24-h urine (overnight, timed, or spot) was not clear, nor was the biological basis for the variability between 24-h and alternative methods. CONCLUSIONS: There is great interest in replacing 24-h urine Na with easier methods to assess dietary Na. However, whether alternative methods are reliable remains uncertain. More research, including the use of an appropriate study design and statistical testing, is required to determine the usefulness of alternative methods.
Uvod: Glavni namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti razpoložljivost natrija v kupljenih živilih v Sloveniji. Osnovo so predstavljali podatki nacionalne raziskave o porabi v gospodinjstvih za obdobje ...2000-2009. Sekundarni cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, katere skupine živil prispevajo k največji razpoložljivosti natrija v prehrani slovenskih porabnikov.
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