The pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) is still poorly understood; however, the inflammatory response to surgical procedures seems likely to be involved. In addition, our recent ...randomized controlled trial showed that perioperative corticosteroid treatment may ameliorate early POCD after cardiac surgery. To assess the long-term effect of dexamethasone administration on cognitive function, we conducted a 4-year follow-up.
The patients were randomized to receive a single intravenous bolus of 0.1 mg kg
dexamethasone or placebo 10 h before elective cardiac surgery. The endpoint in both groups was POCD incidence on the 6th day and four years postoperatively.
Of the 161 patients analyzed previously, the current follow-up included 116 patients. Compared to the 62 patients in the placebo group, the 54 patients in the dexamethasone group showed a lower incidence of POCD on the 6th day (relative risk (RR), 0.510; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.241 to 1.079; p = 0.067, time interval also analyzed previously) and four years (RR, 0.459; 95 % CI, 0.192 to 1.100; p = 0.068) after cardiac surgery. The change in cognitive status between the two postoperative measurements was not significant (p = 0.010) among the patients in the dexamethasone group, in contrast to patients in the placebo group (p = 0.673).
Although statistical significance was not reached in the current study, the prophylactic administration of dexamethasone seems to be useful to prevent POCD development following cardiac surgery. However, further large multicenter research is needed to confirm these directions.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02767713 (10/05/2016).
Coordinated activation of sympathetic and respiratory nervous systems is crucial in responses to noxious stimuli such as intermittent hypoxia. Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) is a valuable model for ...studying obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pathophysiology, and stimulation of breathing during AIH is known to elicit long-term changes in respiratory and sympathetic functions. The aim of this study was to record the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and phrenic nerve activity (PNA) during the AIH protocol in rats exposed to monoanesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (
= 24; weight: 280-360 g) were selected and randomly divided into three groups: two experimental groups (sevoflurane group,
= 6; isoflurane group,
= 6) and a control group (urethane group,
= 12). The AIH protocol was identical in all studied groups and consisted in delivering five 3 min-long hypoxic episodes (fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO
= 0.09), separated by 3 min recovery intervals at FiO
= 0.5. Volatile anesthetics, isoflurane and sevoflurane, blunted the RSNA response to AIH in comparison to urethane anesthesia. Additionally, the PNA response to acute intermittent hypoxia was preserved, indicating that the respiratory system might be more robust than the sympathetic system response during exposure to acute intermittent hypoxia.
Manjak kompleksa piruvat dehidrogenaze (engl. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency, PDCD) rijedak je genetski neurometabolički poremećaj. Pripada u skupinu mitohondrijskih bolesti. Kliničke ...manifestacije se kreću od često smrtonosne, teške, novorođenačke laktacidoze do ozbiljnih neuroloških poremećaja kasnije tijekom života. Većina bolesnika ne doživi odraslu dob i rijetko je ova problematika nazočna u jedinicama intenzivnog
liječenja odraslih bolesnika. Jedan od važnijih terapijskih postupaka kod ovih bolesnika je ketogena prehrana s visokim udjelom masti kojom se proizvode ketoni kao alternativno gorivo za tijelo i mozak. Ponekad može biti potrebna parenteralna ketogena prehrana koja još uvijek nije precizno definirana u postojećim smjernicama za prehranu bolesnika u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja. Prikazano je provođenje parenteralne ketogene prehrane,
te laboratorijski i klinički nadzor u 18-godišnje bolesnice s mitohondrijskom bolesti (PCDC) i to nakon abdominalnoga zahvata povezanog s upalnim komplikacijama, kada enteralna prehrana nije bila moguća. Prehrana je zahtijevala detaljni izračun osnovnih sastojaka kako bi se osigurala adekvatna opskrba energijom, volumenom i mikronutirijentima, a da bi se pri tome proizvela ketoza. Zajedno s ostalim metodama intenzivnoga liječenja, ovakav način prehrane pomogao je rješavanju komplikacija i ishodu liječenja ove epizode. U zaključku, pravilno propisana parenteralna ketogena prehrana kod bolesnika s PCDC smanjuje laktacidozu i učestalost neuroloških komplikacija. Treba je provoditi isključivo u jedinicama intenzivnoga liječenja, poglavito zbog nužnosti trajnog laboratorijskog i kliničkog nadzora. Kad god je moguće, treba ponovo što prije prijeći na enteralnu prehranu. Poželjno bi bilo imati
i točno definirane smjernice za parenteralnu ketogenu prehranu.
Negative postoperative behavioural changes (NPOBCs) are very frequent in children after surgery and general anaesthesia. If they persist, emotional and cognitive development may be affected ...significantly.
To assess whether the choice of different anaesthetic techniques for adenotonsillectomy may impact upon the incidence of NPOBC in repeated measurements.
A randomised, controlled, parallel-group trial.
University Hospital Split, Croatia.
Sixty-four children (aged 6 to 12 years, ASA 1 to 2) undergoing adenotonsillectomy assigned into one of two groups: sevoflurane (S) (n = 32) or total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) (n = 32).
Permuted-block randomisation with random block sizes of 4, 6 and 8, administering anaesthesia, and evaluation of NPOBC with the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ: 27 items describing six subscales). The PHBQ was filled out by parents at postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 7 and 14, and 6 months after surgery.
Differences in numbers of NPOBCs between two anaesthesia techniques, and NPOBC analysis by subscales.
The prevalence of at least one NPOBC after surgery ranged from a maximum of 80% 95% confidence interval (CI) 71 to 90% on POD 1 to a minimum of 43% (95% CI 31 to 56%) 6 months after surgery. Absolute risk reduction for at least one NPOBC in the TIVA group compared with the S group increased from 0.24 on POD 1 to 0.55 6 months after surgery. The number of NPOBCs was also lower in the TIVA group median 5, interquartile range (IQR) 2 to 10 than in the S group (median 22, IQR 10 to 32) (P < 0.001). The overall number of NPOBCs within PHBQ subscales was significantly lower in the TIVA group than in the S group. The largest difference in the number of NPOBCs between groups was observed for the separation anxiety subscale (mean 5, 95% CI 1 to 9; P < 0.001) followed by the general anxiety subscale (mean 4, 95% CI 3 to 5; P < 0.001) and apathy/withdrawal subscale (mean 3, 95% CI 1 to 5; P < 0.001).
The prevalence of NPOBC after elective adenotonsillectomy in 6 to 12-year-old children was very high (80%). The choice of anaesthetic technique for adenotonsillectomy in children influenced the incidence and type of NPOBC. Sevoflurane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia was associated with more frequent and prolonged NPOBCs than TIVA, especially in the separation anxiety, general anxiety and withdrawal/apathy subscales.
Cilj ovoga preglednog članka je objasniti anesteziološki pristup bolesnicima s opstrukcijskom apnejom tijekom spavanja (engl. Obstructive Sleep Apnea, OSA), prikazati rezultate najnovijih ...istraživanja i osvrnuti se na nedavno objavljene smjernice i preporuke. OSA je najčešći poremećaj disanja vezan uz spavanje. Smatra se da je OSA sustavna bolest s više raznih fenotipova i patofi zioloških mehanizama. Dokazano je da bolesnici s OSA-om imaju znakovito povećanu incidenciju perioperacijskih komplikacija, a osobito onih vezanih za održavanje dišnoga puta. Bolesnici s OSA-om osjetljivi su na konvencionalne anestetike i sedative, osobito na opioide. Stoga, u ovih bolesnika kad god je moguće treba primijeniti lokoregionalne tehnike. Među kirurškim bolesnicima izrazito je visoka prevalencija OSA-e, a veliki broj bolesnika je prijeoperacijski nedijagnosticiran. Defi nitivna dijagnoza OSA-e moguća je jedino polisomnografi jom, koja nije uvijek dostupna. Stoga se danas sve više preporuča uporaba raznih validiranih prijeoperacijskih testova i upitnika (STOP, STOP-BANG, Berlin, ASA, P-SAP) koji zadovoljavajuće koreliraju s poslijeoperacijskim ishodima i pomažu u prijeoperacijskoj stratifi kaciji rizika. Veliki napredak su i smjernice Američkog udruženja anesteziologa iz 2014. godine, te preporuke Američkog udruženja za anesteziju i medicinu spavanja iz 2016. godine. Novije smjernice doimaju se praktične, jer svrstavaju bolesnike u tri skupine: 1) bolesnici s dijagnosticiranom OSA-om, koji se pridržavaju liječenja pozitivnim tlakom (engl. Continuous Positive Airways Pressure, CPAP), 2) bolesnici s dijagnosticiranom OSA-om, koji odbijaju ili se slabo pridržavaju liječenja CPAP-om, te 3) bolesnici pod sumnjom na OSA-u. Te smjernice po prvi puta navode i defi niraju termin nekontrolirane sustavne bolesti. Nadalje, taj novi strukturirani pristup daje jasne preporuke uz već nazočne smjernice ASA iz 2014. godine.
S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) can be considered the markers of cerebral injury. To our knowledge the association of general anesthesia for elective non-cardiac surgery in children ...with these markers has not been studied before. The goal of this study was to find out whether these markers change after adenotonsillectomy with general anesthesia. The secondary goal was to determine whether different types of anesthesia, gender, age and body mass index are associated with the change of S100B and NSE after adenotonsillectomy with general anesthesia. This study was designed as a prospective clinical trial. We did a simple pre–post experiment with no control group. In 59 children (aged 6–13, ASA I–II) undergoing adenotonsillectomy and randomized to TIVA or inhalational general anesthesia, plasma S100B and NSE were measured during anesthesia before and after the surgery which lasted a median (interquartile range) of 16.5 (13.0–20.0) min. S100B and NSE assays were performed using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Significance of the differences was assessed by two-tailed asymptotic Wilcoxon signed rank test. Main outcome measures were differences in the levels of S100B and NSE before and after the general anesthesia and surgery. There were significant increases in S100B and NSE levels after the surgery. S100B was increased by 38% (
P
< 0.001) and NSE was increased by 10% (
P
< 0.001). Increase of S100B was significantly negatively associated with age (
P
= 0.023). We have not found significant association of S100B and NSE with any other of the monitored variables. The values of neurological biomarkers S100B and NSE were significantly increased after general anesthesia for elective adenotonsillectomy in children.
PDF
