Machine learning capability holds promise to inform disease models, the discovery and development of novel disease modifying therapeutics and prevention strategies in psychiatry. Herein, we provide ...an introduction on how machine learning/Artificial Intelligence (AI) may instantiate such capabilities, as well as provide rationale for its application to psychiatry in both research and clinical ecosystems.
Databases PubMed and PsycINFO were searched from 1966 to June 2016 for keywords:Big Data, Machine Learning, Precision Medicine, Artificial Intelligence, Mental Health, Mental Disease, Psychiatry, Data Mining, RDoC, and Research Domain Criteria. Articles selected for review were those that were determined to be aligned with the objective of this particular paper.
Results indicate that AI is a viable option to build useful predictors of outcome while offering objective and comparable accuracy metrics, a unique opportunity, particularly in mental health research. The approach has also consistently brought notable insight into disease models through processing the vast amount of already available multi-domain, semi-structured medical data. The opportunity for AI in psychiatry, in addition to disease-model refinement, is in characterizing those at risk, and it is likely also relevant to personalizing and discovering therapeutics.
Machine learning currently provides an opportunity to parse disease models in complex, multi-factorial disease states (e.g. mental disorders) and could possibly inform treatment selection with existing therapies and provide bases for domain-based therapeutic discovery.
Cultivated asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is an economically important plant worldwide. “Morado de Huetor” is a Spanish autochthonous landrace characterized by their longevity, organoleptic ...characteristics, differential biocompound content and high heterozygosity, resulting in heterogeneous plantations with limited productivity. Consequently, this landrace suffers high risk of extinction due the lack of productivity. The preservation of the genetic pool of asparagus requires the development of a reliable micropropagation method. A new, rapid and efficient method of micropropagation for asparagus using rhizome bud explants has been developed. The rate of disinfection reached 90 %, and the system for shoot development and rooting on Asparagus Rhizome Bud Medium took place in one step. Recovery of the full plantlets ranged between 65 and 90 %. The plantlets were ready to be transplanted by 8 weeks, with a successful acclimatization of 80 % in average. The micropropagated plants were normal in phenotype, and the genetic stability was verified using molecular markers expressed sequence tags–microsatellites or simple sequence repeats and Flow Cytometry and certified as true-to-type. Applying this method, an in vitro breeder collection of “Morado de Huetor” landrace, A. officinalis, wild asparagus relatives and hybrid progenies has been established.
An efficient micropropagation method for asparagus species was developed in this study. The method allows the fast cloning of the elite genotypes from different asparagus species and the ...interspecific hybrids obtained from these species. Rhizome bud explants were disinfected using 3 g l
−1
of benomyl and 20 g l
−1
of sodium hypochlorite. Then, they were cultured on Asparagus Rhizome Bud Medium 3 (ARBM-3) consisting in modified Murashige and Skoog medium with salts with EDDHA-Fe (85.7 mg l
−1
) instead of EDTA-Fe and vitamins, supplemented with 0.3 mg l
−1
NAA, 0.1 mg l
−1
KIN, 2 mg l
−1
ancymidol and 6 % sucrose. Results showed that the method developed produced high disinfection rates (70–95 %). More than 70 % of the explants developed shoots and the rooting rate on ARBM-3 medium was 30–45 %. The rooting rate increased to 60–85 % when the unrooted shoots were subjected to an additional cycle of rooting, reaching 100 % after two cycles of rooting. The multiplication was achieved through mechanical division of rooted shoot clusters growing in ARBM-3. The acclimatization rate of the micropropagated plantlets was higher than 90 %. The micropopagated plantlets were screened for somaclonal variation using 12 expressed sequence tag derived simple sequence repeat markers. The results confirmed the character “true to type” of the plantlets, indicating that the method developed in this study can be used to successfully micropropagate asparagus species.
Abstract
Study Objectives
There is mixed evidence for the relationship between poor sleep and daytime fatigue, and some have suggested that fatigue is simply caused by lack of sleep. Although ...retrospective measures of insomnia and fatigue tend to correlate, other studies fail to demonstrate a link between objectively disturbed sleep and fatigue. The current study prospectively explored the relationship between sleep and fatigue among those with and without insomnia disorder.
Methods
Participants meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for insomnia disorder (n = 33) or normal sleepers (n = 32) completed the Consensus Sleep Diary (CSD) and daily fatigue ratings for 2 weeks. Baseline questionnaires evaluated cognitive factors including unhelpful beliefs about sleep and rumination about fatigue. Hierarchical linear modeling tested the within- and between-participant relationships between sleep quality, total sleep time, and daily fatigue ratings. Mediation analyses tested if cognitive factors mediated the relationship between insomnia and fatigue.
Results
Self-reported nightly sleep quality significantly predicted subsequent daily fatigue ratings. Total sleep time was a significant predictor of fatigue within, but not between, participants. Unhelpful sleep beliefs and rumination about fatigue mediated the relationship between insomnia and fatigue reporting.
Conclusions
The results suggest that perception of sleep plays an important role in predicting reports of daytime fatigue. These findings could be used in treatment to help shift the focus away from total sleep times, and instead, focus on challenging maladaptive sleep-related cognitions to change fatigue perception.
When plastics are discarded, they do not biodegrade and instead break down over time into progressively smaller particles, termed secondary microplastics, which adversely impact biota and human ...health as well as persist in the environment for centuries. Our research objective was to evaluate the capabilities of object-based image analyses in detecting compositionally varied microplastics suspended in an aquatic mesocosm under no-slip and turbulent water conditions. We found that the presence of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and low-density polyethylene microplastic pollution in both single-type and mixed-type suspensions was not detectable by either average red (R), average blue (B), average green (G), or average RBG pixel intensities, but was significantly detectable by means of total RBG pixel intensity from digital imagery of the surface-water. Our findings suggest that object-based image analyses of surface waters to quantify pixel information is better suited for monitoring the presence and absence of suspended microplastics, rather than for the stepwise determination of microplastic concentrations. We propose the development of a smartphone application to facilitate citizen-science monitoring of microplastic contamination as well as comment on future applications utilizing drone imagery to boost cloud-based mapping spatiotemporal plumes.
There is growing interest in the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and sleep problems in youth, including the development of a theoretical model proposing how these disorders ...maintain each other. The model suggests that OCD symptoms are proposed to interfere with sleep duration (e.g., via increased arousal and delayed bedtime), which compounds OCD symptom severity during the daytime and into the evening, feeding back into the model. Whether the recent influx of research on sleep problems in youth with OCD supports this model is unknown. The primary aim of this systematic review was to characterize sleep problems in youth with OCD and evaluate whether current research supports previous theoretical inferences. Findings across 20 studies revealed a high prevalence of sleep problems among youth with OCD and support a bidirectional relationship. Studies largely did not assess hypothesized relationships proposed by the model; support for the model is therefore preliminary. A secondary aim was to assess the impacts of comorbidity and developmental stage. Findings suggest that in childhood, comorbid anxiety disorders may initially predate sleep problems, but they become mutually maintained over time; the role of comorbid depression appears to increase with age. Limitations, future directions, and clinical implications are discussed.
•Sleep problems in youth OCD are understudied compared to other anxiety disorders.•Youth with OCD exhibit more sleep problems and less total sleep time than controls.•Sleep problems are associated with more severe OCD symptoms.•Relationship between OCD & sleep problems may become mutually maintaining with age.•Findings provide guidance for future research and clinical practice.
We studied a case series of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) aiming to describe clinical characteristics, immunologic and cancer associations, antibodies against neuronal antigens ...(voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies VGKC-Abs and other), and muscle biopsy findings.
Patients presenting with clinical and electrophysiologic signs of PNH were selected. We studied clinical and electrophysiologic features; a panel of non-neuronal organ-specific antibodies, immunofluorescence on rat nervous tissues, and radioimmunoprecipitation for VGKC-Abs; and muscle biopsies.
Thirty-eight patients were included. After the exclusion of 6 cases with axonopathy of known origin, patients were subdivided according to the presence of electrophysiologic findings of motor axonopathy and association with cancer: axonopathic-PNH (group A: 12 patients), isolated nonparaneoplastic PNH (group B: 16 patients), and isolated paraneoplastic PNH (3 with thymoma and myasthenia gravis, 1 with thyroid carcinoma). PNH clinical features were similar in groups A and B. We found an overall high prevalence of clinical autoimmunity (33% of group A and 63% of group B) and systemic non-neuronal autoantibodies (42% of group A and 75% of group B). However, VGKC-Abs were only positive in 2 patients of group B. Ten patients underwent muscle biopsy, which showed inflammatory changes in 2 cases and nonspecific myopathic features in 8.
PNH is a heterogeneous disorder involving the peripheral nerves in patients with a high propensity for developing autoimmunity. Associated muscle diseases are frequent in the form of myositis, myasthenia gravis, or nonspecific myopathic pathologic findings. VGKC-Abs were uncommon in this series.
Anther culture is used to develop asparagus “super-male” (di-haploids) in asparagus, which can be used to develop “all-male” varieties, by crossing them with suitable females; their progenies will be ...formed only by males which is advantageous for producers. This report describe a new anther culture protocol adapted to “Morado de Huétor”, a Spanish tetraploid landrace, and studied the different factors involved in callus proliferation success from anther explants such as the microspore development stage, or the type of stress used to induce the symmetric division of the microspores, to obtain a high success rate (90 %). For plantlets regenerates from anther culture (PRACs) regeneration we develop a proliferation media supplemented with a combination of pCPA and BA able to induce callus proliferation and plantlet regeneration in the same step in a 50 % of calli, simplifying the procedure. The high percentage of heterozygous male recovery, originated from somatic cells, is an important problem in the anther culture, and to elucidate the origin of PRACs we have combined different tools: ploidy analysis, characterization with the linked sex-marker Asp1-T7 and with EST-SRRs. We can establish that 50 % of PRACs obtained in this work were regenerated from diploid microspores of “Morado de Huétor”, regenerating diploid, di-diploid and tetra-diploid plantlets. The di-diploids males (MMmm) would generate a ratio male:female of 5:1 (83.3 %) and the tetra-diploid males (MMMMmmmm) a ratio male:female of 69:1 (98.6 %), so the tetra-diploid males could be considered “super-males” and be used to develop “all-male” varieties of “Morado de Huétor”.
In Puerto Rico, Huanglongbing (HLB), detected in 2009, continues to produce losses in orchards across the island. Efforts to produce clean propagation materials and select different combinations of ...scions and rootstocks to mitigate the disease have been a priority. In 2016, an experiment was established in Isabela in Coto clay series soils at 120 m to assess ‘Mexican’ lime, ‘Fina’ clementine mandarin, and ‘Campbell’ Valencia orange grafted in ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘HRS 812’, and ‘HRS 897’. Tree growth parameters, tree fruit production, HLB incidences, and tree mortality were evaluated under a fertigation system. Higher fruit production was obtained with ‘Fina’ clementine mandarin and ‘Campbell’ Valencia orange when grafted in ‘HRS 812’ followed by ‘HRS 897’. ‘Mexican’ lime had higher fruit production when grafted in ‘HRS 897’. On the basis of total fruit production and HLB incidence, ‘HRS 812’ was outstanding, yielding fruits with higher values even though they were infected with HLB. Moreover, ‘HRS 897’ rootstock was demonstrated to be a potential rootstock for the Puerto Rico conditions.
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