Mystical literature and spirituality from 16th-century Spain engage religious images from the three most prominent religions of al-Andalus—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism: among others, the dark ...night, the seven concentric castles, the gazelle, the bird, the sefirot‘s encircled iggulim or towering yosher, the sacred fountain, ruins, and gardens. Until the 20th-century, however, scholarship read these works mostly as “Spanish” mysticism, alienated from its Andalusī roots. This comparative study deploys theological, historical, and textual analysis to dwell in one of these roots: the figure of the garden’s vital element, water, as represented in the works of Teresa de Jesús and Ibn ‘Arabi. The well-irrigated life written by these mystics underscores the significance of this element as a path to life, knowledge, and love of and by God. Bringing together scholarship on Christian and Sufi mysticism, and underscoring the centrality of movement, flow, and circulation, this article pieces together otherwise disparate readings of both the individual work of these two figures and their belonging in a canon of Andalusī/Spanish mysticism. The weaving of these threads will offer readers a different understanding of early modern religion, alongside traditional readings of Spain’s mystical literature and its place in the global context.
The main nutritional/bioactive compounds (protein; aminoacids, AA; fucose; minerals; vitamins B12 and C; and total phenolic content, TPC) of nine commercial algae powders, used as food supplements, ...were studied. Undaria pinnatifida showed the highest protein/aminoacid contents (51.6/54.4 g 100 g–1). Among brown macroalgae, Himanthalia elongata showed the highest fucose content (26.3 g kg−1) followed by Laminaria ochroleuca (22.5 g kg−1). Mineral contents of 15–24% were observed in the algae, being particularly excellent sources of iodine (69.0–472.0 mg kg−1). Porphyra spp. and Palmaria palmata showed the highest vitamin B12 contents (667–674 µg kg−1). Vitamin C ranged among 490.4–711.8 mg kg–1. H. elongata showed the highest total phenolic content (14.0 g kg–1). In conclusion, the studied algae are excellent sources of protein, AA, minerals, vitamin C and some of them presented particularly high vitamin B12 and fucose contents, which may have a potential use as food supplements.
Legally Bound CARRIÓN, MARÍA M.
Renaissance drama,
09/2016, Letnik:
44, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Women were abundantly and significantly present in public events and spaces as well as on theatrical stages in early modern Spain. Conventional wisdom has covered that presence with a veil of male ...protagonism. Here, Carrion discusses women and performance in early modern Spain.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infection in infants. The immune response plays a leading role in the severity of the disease. We hypothesized that ...severe RSV disease is associated with an impaired immune response characterized by low circulating T lymphocytes and plasma cytokine concentrations.
We evaluate the in vivo immune responses of previously healthy infants with their first proven RSV-acute lower respiratory infection that required hospitalization. According to the clinical severity, defined by using a strict scoring system, the in vivo immune response was compared through the analysis of plasma cytokine values and the phenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cells.
Absolute blood cell counts of CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ lymphocytes and NK cells were lower in subjects with RSV than in control infants. Lowest cell counts were observed in more severe RSV-infected infants. Significant low values were obtained in CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0.03) and nonactive NK cells, that express CD94 antigen (P = 0.046). In contrast, activated NK cells that do not express CD94 molecules were significantly higher in RSV infected infants than in healthy controls (% of cells: P = 0.004). The interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha values in RSV infected patients were lower than in controls subjects. Interleukin-17 cytokine was not detected in healthy infants and the largest concentration was found in moderately ill patients as compared with severe cases (P = 0.033). RSV infection showed significantly higher interleukin-8 chemokine than in control infants (P = 0.024).
We propose that severe RSV infection in very young infants is associated with poor blood proinflammatory cytokine production, low counts of CD8+ T cells and with a greater activity of a group of NK cells, that are independent of the major histocompatibility complex class Ib recognition system.
An optical system that works as a retarder waveplate with programmable spectral retardance is proposed. The system is based on a pixelated liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulator ...(SLM). The input light beam is spectrally dispersed and different spectral components are projected onto different pixels of the LCoS-SLM. A different retardance is then addressed for each pixel, adapted to the incoming wavelength. Light reflected from the SLM is then recombined by the same setup. In this way a programmable polarization spectrum can be encoded. We illustrate the broadband characterization that is required for proper use of the system. Then several examples are shown, including spectral compensation to yield retarders with constant retardance, retarders with abrupt changes in the spectral retardance function, or bandpass variable retarder filters. The system is also demonstrated to provide programmable light spectrum generation.
This article explores the complex landscape of devotion in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain, comparing the legislated Christian-only history of Counter-Reformation with the various ...alternative strands of belief, faith, and devotion present in a variety of areas of cultural production. The article first examines representations of devotion-and methodologies of reading such representations-in areas of production such as architecture, dictionaries, literature, and the arts; at the end of this first section, it coins the concept of "After Thought" as a reading tool to better comprehend and possibly experience devotion in ways particular to early modern Spain, not merely en cristiano but in multiconfessional forms. "After Thought," both the tool and the article, follow intellectual engagements with Andalusi (not merely Andalusian) past, present, and future environments in early modern Spain. They also engage alternative somatic dimensions of a different "entendimiento" of Christianity, as described by Teresa de Jesús and practiced by both her and Cervantes. Finally, in reviewing the six ducal chapters of the second part of Don Quijote as a rewriting of Castillo interior, the apocryphal condition of this segment of the novel mobilizes yet another wheel in the Trojan horse of fiction, one that exposes the way in which Cervantes refigures Teresa de Jesús, thus yielding two interactive models of "After Thought" in early modern Spain's arts, religion, and spirituality.
European dried gardens from the 16th century have been traditionally associated with the emergence of early modern botany and its relation to the traditional genre of pharmacopeias. This study ...reviews a sample of the 37 known exemplars of these bound collections and argues that the design and development of these herbaria or dried gardens (
), as they were also known, reveal a broader set of questions on nature and about the relationships of humans with the natural world than the ones with which they have been linked. Based on the evidence of a diverse corpus of dried gardens—some richly bound, others composed over recycled paper, some with copious annotations, others with a seemingly random layout and distribution of plants—, this paper argues for a comparative reading of these books as a corpus that contributed significantly to early modern natural history and philosophy.
This paper explores the role shoes played in the regulation of sex and gender in early modern Spain. A key component of a sartorial code identified with prostitution and civil status, the chapines ...became the object of self-fashioning for women, as well as the target of control of their sexuality and subjectivity. "The Balcony of the Chapín" analyzes the correspondences of representation of these kinds of shoes in Lope de Vega's play El perro del hortelano The Dog in the Manger, the theatrical home of Tristán, Marcela, Diana, and Teodoro, and in a series of regulation texts (edicts, laws, and treatises by moralistas) that sought to contain the wearing of such shoes. Rather than separating the "free" expression of this footwear in the fantasy of theater from the "contained" prescription of the regulation texts, the goal of this article is to tease out how the wearing of these shoes by women responded to a more complex agency than mere banality (the "vain architecture" of the balcony of the chapines uttered by Tristán) or transgression. The articulation of desires, such as to be and to look taller or to keep the hem of the dress from getting soiled in the streets, help readers of this early modern period understand that the wearing of these shoes did not respond to a mere desire to transgress, or to fall into any of the abject categories of the wife, the whore or the servant, but to project an image of one's own, not necessarily aligned with one particular, prefabricated identity.
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