The United States Consulate in Belfast and the Development of the American Consular Service, 1796-1906. This article explains the history of the development and professionalization of the United ...States consular service through the example of the Belfast consulate from 1796 to 1906. The first consuls were Irish merchants. By mid-century, US citizens served, with salaries for the highest grade, while lower ranks were dependent on fees for income. The demands of expanded trade and US interests abroad resulted in legislation in 1896 and 1906 that upgraded the Consular Bureau. Appointments to the Belfast consulate began to exemplify the shift from a patronaged-driven organization to an increasingly professional, career-based Consular Service.
Civil War Diplomacy: A Fresh Look Carroll, Francis M
Canadian review of American studies,
04/2022, Letnik:
52, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The American Civil War had a serious impact in Europe because the United States supplied vital raw materials for both Britain and France and was also a major market for their manufactured goods. The ...prospect of intervention in the war raised difficult issues—morally repugnant support of slavery on the one hand, but on the other, in the aftermath of the rebellions of 1848 in Europe, the possibility to weaken democratic republicanism. Mediation remained elusive. Britain, being the leading economic, naval, and colonial power, was the most threatening and most involved with both the Union and Confederate sides in the war. Britain’s diplomatic and maritime policy is the most extensively studied, augmented by fresh examinations of the British minister to the United States, Lord Lyons. New research also examines possible French involvement in the war and the complications arising from France’s invasion of Mexico.
This review article focuses on three studies of different aspects of Anglo-American relations, and it attempts to place these studies in the larger context of Anglo-American scholarship. Kori Schake ...examines British-American affairs over a period of almost two centuries with the intention of explaining the unique process by which an established hegemonic power gave way to a rising power without an armed conflict. This thesis is articulated with a concern about the prospect of the threat of a rising China. Andrew Mumford emphasizes the extent to which the Anglo-American special relationship has been strained by counter-insurgency conflicts since World War II. In various of these crises, both Britain and the United States had different interests, constituencies, and counter-insurgency military methods that alienated and created tension between the two allies. B.J.C. McKercher takes a broader historical look at Anglo-American relations in the twentieth century and finds the special relationship much more flexible and workable than either Schake or Mumford does. He concludes that both countries needed allies and that Britain and the United States still have more in common with each other than with the rest of the international community. Anglo-American relations remains a topic of international interest and relevance.
In a large, prospective, multi-institutional active surveillance cohort we evaluated whether African American men are at higher risk for reclassification.
The Canary PASS (Prostate Active ...Surveillance Study) is a protocol driven, active surveillance cohort with a prespecified prostate specific antigen and surveillance biopsy regimen. Men included in this study had Gleason Grade Group 1 or 2 disease at diagnosis and fewer than 5 years between diagnosis and enrollment, and had undergone 1 or more surveillance biopsies. The reclassification risk, defined as an increase in the Gleason score on subsequent biopsy, was compared between African American and Caucasian American men using Cox proportional hazards models. In the subset of men who underwent delayed prostatectomy the rate of adverse pathology findings, defined as pT3a or greater disease, or Gleason Grade Group 3 or greater, was compared in African American and Caucasian American men.
Of the 1,315 men 89 (7%) were African American and 1,226 (93%) were Caucasian American. There was no difference in the treatment rate in African American and Caucasian American men. In multivariate models African American race was not associated with the risk of reclassification (HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.78-1.72). Of the 441 men who underwent prostatectomy after a period of active surveillance the rate of adverse pathology was similar in those who were African American and Caucasian American (46% vs 47%, p=0.99).
Of men on active surveillance who followed a standardized protocol of regular prostate specific antigen testing and biopsy those who were African American were not at increased risk for pathological reclassification while on active surveillance, or for adverse pathology findings at prostatectomy. Active surveillance appears to be an appropriate management strategy for African American men with favorable risk prostate cancer.
"7 Hans Kelsen proposed that "the failure of the Briand-Kellogg Pact, however, is due to its own technical insufficiency"—its scope was too broad and it had not provided enforcement provisions.8 ...Apart from a justification for prosecution in the War Crimes Tribunals, Georg Schwarzenberger notes the instances in which the Peace Pact was not applied or was ineffective.9 Charles Fenwick commented on the questions of self-defense raised by the Treaty, although he suggested that the Pact "soon acquired an authority far in excess of its legal force," and it influenced the language of subsequent agreements.10 Mark Weston Janis suggested, "In retrospect, Kellogg-Briand seems, at best, merely aspirational, riddled with reservations permitting states to defend their territories and interests," noting that the violations of the Pact in the 1930s "made the law of nations look even more futile. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech on 5 October 1937 suggested the use of sanctions to deter aggressive war, an act that would have been in violation of neutrality under the Old World Order. ...both non-recognition and changed neutrality were established. Stephen M. Walt of the Harvard Kennedy School notes the changed nature of war in the past seventy years; as a result he claims that the authors have not proved their case that the Kellogg-Briand Pact was more of a determining factor than the inhibitions caused by nuclear weapons, economic interdependence, and the rise of democratic governments. ...Articles 12 through 16 of the League of Nations Covenant mandated that members seek arbitration of disputes or the advice of the Council before resorting to war. 26.
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