Assumptions that single mothers are "time poor" compared with married mothers are ubiquitous. We tested theorized associations derived from the time poverty thesis and the gender perspective using ...the 2003-2012 American Time Use Surveys (ATUS). We found marital status differentiated housework, leisure, and sleep time, but did not influence the amount of time that mothers provided childcare. Net of the number of employment hours, married mothers did more housework and slept less than never-married and divorced mothers, counter to expectations of the time poverty thesis. Nevermarried and cohabiting mothers reported more total and more sedentary leisure time than married mothers. We assessed the influence of demographic differences among mothers to account for variation in their time use by marital status. Compositional differences explained more than two-thirds of the variance in sedentary leisure time between married and never-married mothers, but only one-third of the variance between married and cohabiting mothers. The larger unexplained gap in leisure quality between cohabiting and married mothers is consistent with the gender perspective.
Schedule control and supervisor support for family and personal life may help employees manage the work-family interface. Existing data and research designs, however, have made it difficult to ...conclusively identify the effects of these work resources. This analysis utilizes a group-randomized trial in which some units in an information technology workplace were randomly assigned to participate in an initiative, called STAR, that targeted work practices, interactions, and expectations by (1) training supervisors on the value of demonstrating support for employees' personal lives and (2) prompting employees to reconsider when and where they work. We find statistically significant, although modest, improvements in employees' work-family conflict and family time adequacy, and larger changes in schedule control and supervisor support for family and personal life. We find no evidence that this intervention increased work hours or perceived job demands, as might have happened with increased permeability of work across time and space. Subgroup analyses suggest the intervention brought greater benefits to employees more vulnerable to work-family conflict. This study uses a rigorous design to investigate deliberate organizational changes and their effects on work resources and the work-family interface, advancing our understanding of the impact of social structures on individual lives.
Objective
This study examines how occupational resources and demands are associated with parents' childcare time.
Background
Scholars recognize parental employment as important for understanding ...parental time use. Yet, given data limitations, we know relatively little about how strain‐based demands (demands that can produce negative psychological states) are associated with parent's time with children.
Method
Occupational‐level data in the O*NET Database are linked to the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) 2011–2019 (n = 10,274 workday diaries from employed parents in 427 occupations). Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS) is used to examine how occupational resources and demands are associated with parents' time with children and in childcare on workdays.
Results
Mothers in occupations with greater strain‐based demands—competitive pressure, aggression‐conflict, monotony, and physicality‐hazards—spend less time with their children and less time on physical childcare activities. For fathers, associations are weaker with monotonous jobs also associated with less time with children. Workplace conditions, however, are weakly or even positively associated with parents' time on nonworkdays, suggesting that the daily experience of work affects parents' time use at home. Autonomy, an occupational resource, is positively associated with fathers' time with children and with mothers' time in interactive care.
Conclusion
Resources and strain‐based demands—measured at the occupational‐level—are associated with parents' time use. The O*NET Database can be linked to the ATUS to better understand families' time use.
Parental deployment during military conflicts has the potential to impact child adjustment. As increased numbers of military Service members have children, it is critical to understand the ...association between military deployment and child adjustment. In order to resolve inconsistencies in the existing literature, we performed a meta-analytic review of 16 studies that report associations of military deployment with internalizing, externalizing, and academic adjustment among children. Results indicate a small association between deployment and poorer adjustment. This association varied across several features of the studies. Age moderation was such that the associations are strongest in middle childhood and weakest during adolescence. The method that adjustment was assessed also moderated this association, such that maladjustment was evident primarily with parents' reports. Study design also moderated associations, such that comparisons to civilian controls indicated associations with maladjustment, whereas comparisons to nondeployed military and prepost comparisons did not. These findings summarize the existing quantitative literature to indicate that parental deployment has a negligible association with child maladjustment and provide a foundation for future research.
Low retention in the child care workforce is a persistent challenge that has been associated with negative outcomes for children, staff, and centers. This article reviews the empirical literature, ...identifying common correlates or predictors of retention for child care workers. Searches were conducted using several databases, and articles that presented quantitative or qualitative data on retention for center-based child care workers in the United States were reviewed in detail. Seven themes emerged as potential predictors of retention: wages and benefits, job satisfaction, organizational characteristics, alternative employment opportunities, demographic characteristics, job characteristics, and education and training. Although some of the findings were mixed, increased retention was generally associated with the following: working in a publicly operated or nonprofit center that meets accreditation or policy standards, being older, maintaining a higher-level position, having more tenure and experience, receiving higher wages, and reporting higher job satisfaction. Based on these studies, child care centers should seek to increase pay, recruit staff with more experience, and aim to improve job satisfaction among staff to help increase retention. In addition, government-funded professional development incentive programs may help child care centers meet the goals of a high-quality, educated, and stable workforce.
In the context of a group randomized field trial, we evaluated whether parents who participated in a workplace intervention, designed to increase supervisor support for personal and family life and ...schedule control, reported significantly more daily time with their children at the 12-month follow-up compared with parents assigned to the Usual Practice group. We also tested whether the intervention effect was moderated by parent gender, child gender, or child age.
The Support-Transform-Achieve-Results Intervention was delivered in an information technology division of a US Fortune 500 company. Participants included 93 parents (45% mothers) of a randomly selected focal child aged 9 to 17 years (49% daughters) who completed daily telephone diaries at baseline and 12 months after intervention. During evening telephone calls on 8 consecutive days, parents reported how much time they spent with their child that day.
Parents in the intervention group exhibited a significant increase in parent-child shared time, 39 minutes per day on average, between baseline and the 12-month follow-up. By contrast, parents in the Usual Practice group averaged 24 fewer minutes with their child per day at the 12-month follow-up. Intervention effects were evident for mothers but not for fathers and for daughters but not sons.
The hypothesis that the intervention would improve parents' daily time with their children was supported. Future studies should examine how redesigning work can change the quality of parent-child interactions and activities known to be important for youth health and development.
The majority of youth consistently receive failing scores on financial literacy tests—even those who have taken courses on personal finance or money management. Some specific programs, however, have ...demonstrated beneficial effects. Thus, it is imperative to identify the key considerations and promising delivery methods which may inform positive changes in financial literacy and/or behavior among youth. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the current literature on youth financial literacy education, with the goal of identifying characteristics of financial education programs which may influence positive changes. The findings from the literature on these key considerations and promising delivery methods are discussed in detail, with attention given to developmental considerations as appropriate.
Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being Bianchi, Suzanne M; Casper, Lynne M; King, Rosalind Berkow
2005, 20060421, 2006-04-21, 2005-06-02, 2005-12-31, 20050101
eBook
Odprti dostop
Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being grew out of a conference held in Washington, D.C. in June 2003 on "Workforce/Workplace Mismatch: Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being" sponsored by the National ...Institutes of Health (NIH). The text considers multiple dimensions of health and well-being for workers and their families, children, and communities. Investigations into the socioeconomic gradient in health within broad occupational categories have raised important questions about the role of specific working conditions versus the role of conditions of employment such as wages and level of job security afforded a worker and his/her family in affecting health outcomes.
Organized into seven parts, this text:
*provides an overview of changes in work and family time and time use;
*dedicates a section focusing specifically on employers and workplaces;
*explores disciplinary perspectives on work, family, health, and well-being;
*focuses on the most studied work and family nexus, the interrelationship between parental employment, especially maternal employment and the child's well-being;
*examines gender differences in the division of labor, the effect of marriage on health, the shifting nature of care-giving throughout life, and the role of work on various health and well-being outcomes;
*explores occupational health literature; and
*focuses on the unique work-family issues faced by low-income families and workers in low-wage jobs.
This book appeals to anyone in the fields of psychology, sociology, family studies, demographics, economics, anthropology, and social work.
"This book is an ambitious collection of 31 chapters relating to modern work and family issues...the collection was detailed...very strong and enlightening chapters." — PsycCRITIQUES
"This is a most informative book...It is a book that needs to be read by far more people than will read it. All counselors, especially those working with middle-class and lower clients, would benefit from knowing the material contained within the book. It would serve well as a supplemental text for a family study course...consider it a must read for those teaching an introductory course on the family...a book on work and family that is of such a high quality." — The Family Journal
"The sheer heft of the resulting volume...inspires hope of at least some information and analysis. In the book's final chapter, the editors provide a brief summary and a call for further, and explicitly interdisciplinary, research. This book is a valuable contribution..." — Industrial and Labor Relations Review
Contents: K.E. Christensen, Foreword. Preface. S.M. Bianchi, L.M. Casper, R.B. King, Complex Connections: A Multidisciplinary Look at Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being. Part I: Time, Work, and Family. S.M. Bianchi, S.B. Raley, Time Allocation in Families. H.B. Presser, Embracing Complexity: Work Schedules and Family Life in a 24/7 Economy. A.C. Crouter, S.M. McHale, Work, Family, and Children's Time: Implications for Youth. B. Schneider, L. Waite, Timely and Timeless: Working Parents and Their Children. Part II: The "Work" in Work and Family. H.J. Holzer, Work and Family Life: The Perspective of Employers. E.E. Kossek, Workplace Policies and Practices to Support Work and Families. C.A. Thompson, J.K. Andreassi, D.J. Prottas, Work-Family Culture: Key to Reducing Workforce-Workplace Mismatch? L. Bailyn, Filling the Gap by Redesigning Work. A. Bookman, Can Employers Be Good Neighbors? Redesigning Workplace-Community Interface. S. Jekielek, Z. Redd, R. Wertheimer, K.A. Moore, Z. Redd, Government Policies as External Influences on Work-Family Trade-Offs. Part III: Disciplinary Perspectives in the Study of Work and Family. D.A. Major, J.N. Cleveland, Psychological Perspectives on the Work-Family Interface. A.A. Leibowitz, An Economic Perspective on Work, Family, and Well-Being. C.N. Darrah, Anthropology and the Workplace-Workforce Mismatch. J. Glass, Sociological Perspectives on Work and Family. J. Waldfogel, Work and Family Research: A Public Policy Perspective. Part IV: Parental Employment and Outcomes for Children. R. Repetti, A Psychological Perspective on the Health and Well-Being Consequences of Parental Employment. M. Zaslow, S. Jekielek, M. Gallagher, Work-Family Mismatch Through a Child Developmental Lens. J. Currie, When Do We Really Know What We Think We Know? Determining Causality. S. Korenman, R. Kaestner, Work-Family Mismatch and Child Health and Well-Being: A Review of the Economics Research. C.J. Ruhm, How Well Do Government and Employer Policies Support Working Parents? Part V: Gender and Employment, Caregiving and Health. J.K. Fletcher, Gender Perspectives on Work and Personal Life Research. P.J. Smock, M. Noonan, Gender, Work, and Family Well-Being in the United States. R.M. Stolzenberg, L.J. Waite, Effects of Marriage, Divorce, and Widowhood on Health. E.K. Pavalko, F. Gong, Work and Family Issues for Midlife Women. Part IV: Occupations, Workplace Settings, and Health of Families. A.E. Dembe, The Impact of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses on Families. B.C. Amick III, C. Mustard, Labor Markets and Health: A Social Epidemiological View. T.S. Kristensen, L. Smith-Hansen, N. Jansen, A Systematic Approach to the Assessment of the Psychological Work Environment and the Associations With Family-Work Conflict. Part VII: Low-Income Families and Work, Care, Health, and Well-Being. M. Perry-Jenkins, Work in the Working Class: Challenges Facing Families. J.R. Henly, S. Lambert, Nonstandard Work and Child-Care Needs for Low-Income Parents. L.M. Burton, L. Lein, A. Kolak, Health and Mothers' Employment in Low-Income Families. J. Heymann, S. Simmons, A. Earle, Global Transformations in Work and Family. Part VIII: Conclusion. L.M. Casper, S.M. Bianchi, R.B. King, Forging the Future in Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being Research.
We examined the impact of work-family conflict (WFC) on worker well-being and job burnout, as well as the role of social support in the workplace as a potential buffer against the influence of WFC. ...Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses in a cross-sectional sample of 361 public child welfare workers indicate that WFC was related to reduced well-being and increased job burnout, whereas supervisory support moderated the relationship between WFC and well-being. Findings from this study hold implications to workforce management practices aimed at improving worker well-being in human service and child welfare organizations. Human resource management policies designed to manage worker schedules should aim to facilitate workers' ability to meet work and family demands through programs such as flexible work schedules and telecommuting. Recommendations for future research on WFC and worker well-being are discussed.
The literature on the black middle class has focused predominantly on married-couple families with children, reflecting a conception of the black middle class as principally composed of this family ...type. If that conception is correct, then declining rates of marriage and childrearing would imply a decline in the presence and vitality of the black middle class. Indeed, this is the implication that researchers typically draw from the decline in black marriage rates. However, an alternative view suggests that the decline in marriage and childrearing is producing a shift in the types of households comprising the black middle class. This paper assesses — and affirms — that alternative view. This research shows that, indeed, never-married singles who live alone (Love Jones Cohort) constitute a rapidly growing segment of the black middle class, a development which requires rethinking how the black middle class is conceptualized and studied.
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