Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that mediate antiviral and antitumor responses. NK cell activation and induction of effector functions are tightly regulated by the integration of ...activating and inhibitory receptors such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIR genes are characterized by a high degree of diversity due to presence or absence, gene copy number and allelic polymorphism. The aim of this study was to establish the distribution of KIR genes and genotypes, to infer the most common haplotypes in an admixed Colombian population and to compare these KIR gene frequencies with some Central and South American populations and worldwide. A total of 161 individuals from Medellin, Colombia were included in the study. Genomic DNA was used for KIR and HLA genotyping. We analyzed only KIR gene-content (presence or absence) based on PCR-SSO. The KIR genotype, most common haplotypes and combinations of KIR and HLA ligands frequencies were estimated according to the presence or absence of KIR and HLA genes. Dendrograms, principal component (PC) analysis and Heatmap analysis based on genetic distance were constructed to compare KIR gene frequencies among Central and South American, worldwide and Amerindian populations. The 16 KIR genes analyzed were distributed in 37 different genotypes and the 7 most frequent KIR inferred haplotypes. Importantly, we found three new genotypes not previously reported in any other ethnic group. Our genetic distance, PC and Heatmap analysis revealed marked differences in the distribution of KIR gene frequencies in the Medellin population compared to worldwide populations. These differences occurred mainly in the activating KIR isoforms, which are more frequent in our population, particularly KIR3DS1. Finally, we observed unique structural patterns of genotypes, which evidences the potential diversity and variability of this gene family in our population, and the need for exhaustive genetic studies to expand our understanding of the KIR gene complex in Colombian populations.
SUMMARY Allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction initiated by specific immunologic mechanisms. It can be mediated by antibodies or cells, developed in individuals previously sensitized by an allergen. ...In most cases, the antibody responsible for the allergic reaction is immunoglobulin E (IgE). Depending on the nature and mechanism of entry of the allergen, it will bring about the production of specific IgE affecting certain organs and tissues with specific symptoms. Eosinophil extracellular DNA traps or EETs are one of the mechanisms used by eosinophils during the response phase of allergy: they have not been well studied in terms of their induction, regulation and function. EETs have been detected in inflammatory intestinal processes, autoimmune diseases and multiple infectious diseases, but few investigations have been made about their involvement in allergic diseases. This is a review about the structure of EETs. the molecules involved in their formation, and their possible role in the pathogenesis of allergies. Furthermore, the main aspects of cellular and molecular processes involved in the immunopathogenesis of allergies, and the central aspects of the structure, composition and functioning of eosinophils are reviewed. KEYWORDS Eosinophils: Eosinophil Extracellular DNA Traps (EET): Eosinophil Granule Proteins: Extracellular DNA Traps: Immediate Hypersensitivity; Mitochondrial DNA La alergia es una reaccion de hipersensibilidad iniciada por mecanismos inmunologicos y mediada por anticuerpos o celulas; se desencadena en individuos previamente sensibilizados a un alergeno. En la mayoria de ios casos, el anticuerpo responsable de la reaccion alergica es la inmunogiobuiina E (IgE). Segun la naturaleza y el mecanismo de entrada del alergeno se producira la IgE especifica; en las alergias se afectan determinados organos y tejidos con produccion de sintomatologias especificas. Uno de los mecanismos que los eosinofilos utilizan durante la fase de respuesta de las alergias son sus trampas extracelulares (EET), que han sido poco estudiadas en cuanto a su induccion, regulacion y funcion. Hasta el momento se conoce la presencia de dichas trampas en procesos inflamatorios intestinales, enfermedades autoinmunes y multiples procesos infecciosos, pero se han hecho pocas investigaciones sobre su implicacion en las enfermedades alergicas. Este es un articulo de revision sobre la estructura de las EET, las moleculas involucradas en su formacion y la posible funcion que desempenan en la patogenesis de las alergias. Ademas, se revisan los principales aspectos de ios procesos celulares y moleculares involucrados en la inmunopatogenesis de las alergias y los aspectos centrales de la estructura, composicion y funcionamiento de los eosinofilos. PALABRAS CLAVE ADN Mitocondrial: Eosinofilos: Hipersensibilidad Inmediata: Proteinas en los Granulos del Eosinofilo: Trampas Extracelulares de Eosinofilo: Trampas Extracelulares de ADN
La alergia es una reacción de hipersensibilidad iniciada por mecanismos inmunológicos y mediada por anticuerpos o células; se desencadena en individuos previamente sensibilizados a un alérgeno. En la ...mayoría de los casos, el anticuerpo responsable de la reacción alérgica es la inmunoglobulina E (IgE). Según la naturaleza y el mecanismo de entrada del alérgeno se producirá la IgE específica; en las alergias se afectan determinados órganos y tejidos con producción de sintomatologías específicas. Uno de los mecanismos que los eosinófilos utilizan durante la fase de respuesta de las alergias son sus trampas extracelulares (EET), que han sido poco estudiadas en cuanto a su inducción, regulación y función. Hasta el momento se conoce la presencia de dichas trampas en procesos inflamatorios intestinales, enfermedades autoinmunes y múltiples procesos infecciosos, pero se han hecho pocas investigaciones sobre su implicación en las enfermedades alérgicas. Este es un artículo de revisión sobre la estructura de las EET, las moléculas involucradas en su formación y la posible función que desempeñan en la patogénesis de las alergias. Además, se revisan los principales aspectos de los procesos celulares y moleculares involucrados en la inmunopatogénesis de las alergias y los aspectos centrales de la estructura, composición y funcionamiento de los eosinófilos.
Allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction initiated by specific immunologic mechanisms. It can be mediated by antibodies or cells, developed in individuals previously sensitized by an allergen. In most ...cases, the antibody responsible for the allergic reaction is immunoglobulin E (IgE). Depending on the nature and mechanism of entry of the allergen, it will bring about the production of specific IgE affecting certain organs and tissues with specific symptoms. Eosinophil extracellular DNA traps or EETs are one of the mechanisms used by eosinophils during the response phase of allergy; they have not been well studied in terms of their induction, regulation and function. EETs have been detected in inflammatory intestinal processes, autoimmune diseases and multiple infectious diseases, but few investigations have been made about their involvement in allergic diseases. This is a review about the structure of EETs, the molecules involved in their formation, and their possible role in the pathogenesis of allergies. Furthermore, the main aspects of cellular and molecular processes involved in the immunopathogenesis of allergies, and the central aspects of the structure, composition and functioning of eosinophils are reviewed.
