•Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be formed by Maillard reactions.•High-fat chips and crackers contained high amounts of AGE precursors.•Low fat containing breakfast cereals had low amounts ...of AGE precursors.•High salt content in crackers may affect the increased amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal.
Consumption of processed foods is increasing in today's modern diet. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be formed by Maillard reactions as well as oxidation of proteins and fats in food processing. The aim of the present study was to determine the amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in chips, crackers, and breakfast cereals and to evaluate their effects on human health. In this research, chips (26), crackers (5), and breakfast cereals (11) were obtained from different markets in Istanbul, Turkey. The amounts of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in these foods were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 4-nitro-1,2-phenlenediamine as a pre-column derivatizing reagent. The measured amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal ranged between 94 and 1464 and 123–661 µg/100 g in chips, and between 338 and 1936 and 727–1397 µg/100 g in crackers, and between 8 and 1575 and 111–1201 µg/100 g in breakfast cereals, respectively. The products used in this study, especially chips and crackers, contained high fat and were baked at a high cooking temperature. Therefore, these products had higher amounts of AGE precursors. Besides, high salt content in crackers may affect the increased amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal. On the contrary, low fat containing breakfast cereals had lower amounts of AGE precursors. People who often consume AGE-rich snack foods will be at higher health risk than those who consume less. The health problems associated with AGEs can be reduced with an AGE-restricted diet.
Water-soluble vitamins are indispensable organic molecules for growth, development, and body function. Epidemiological evidence often supports the link between sufficient dietary intake of ...water-soluble vitamins and maintaining overall health. Knowing the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of water-soluble vitamins are important in terms of their usability in metabolism. There are many studies about the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of food components, but studies about vitamins are limited.
The purpose of this review was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of water-soluble vitamins and identify the factors that may negatively affect the bioaccessibility. In this review, we focused on summarizing the bioaccessibility of water-soluble vitamins. The influence of dietary fiber and its properties, temperature, pH, grinding, inhibitors, antioxidants, polypeptides, polysaccharides, and vitamin-binding proteins on the bioaccessibility of vitamins was evaluated. However, the bioavailability values for some water-soluble vitamins were also presented, but there is a limited study about the bioavailability of water-soluble vitamins.
Bioaccessibility may decrease significantly in vitamin C, folate, vitamin B1, and the PL and PM forms of vitamin B6, which are more sensitive to temperature and acidity. Generally, decreases in pH-sensitive vitamins may occur in the small intestine, where pH value is higher than the gastric phase. Also, the presence of some metal ions, bonding with polypeptides and polysaccharides, digestive enzyme inhibitors, dietary fiber, and binding proteins may negatively affect bioaccessibility. The numbers of studies conducted in this field are limited. In conclusion, more studies are suggested to obtain more accurate information about the current dietary nutrient intake.
•There is a limited study about the bioaccessibility of water-soluble vitamins.•Vitamins C and B1, folate, vitamin B6's PL and PM forms have low bioaccessibility.•Bioaccessibility decreases in the small intestine for pH-sensitive vitamins.•Bonding with macromolecules, pH, and dietary fiber may affect bioaccessibility.
To investigate the relationship among the modified Rankin scores of patients who had intracerebral hematomas at discharge, demographic characteristics of the patients, and the characteristics of the ...hematoma.
In this study, patients diagnosed with intracerebral hematoma and treated at the Ministry of Health Ankara Training and Research Hospital Neurosurgery Clinic between January 2010 and December 2020 were examined retrospectively. The age, gender, comorbidity, anticoagulant?antiaggregant use, and Glasgow Coma Scale score of the patients were obtained from hospital records. The modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to assess patients at discharge.
Herein, a total of 114 patients with supratentorial intracerebral hematoma were evaluated. The modified Rankin score ranged from 0 to 6, with a mean score of 3.47 ± 2.26. When the patients were evaluated based on their discharge status, the mortality rate was 33.3% (n=38). Fifty percent of the patients who used anticoagulant?antiaggregant died. High mRS scores were seen more frequently in advanced age. Among the other diseases of the patients, hypertension and the use of anticoagulant? antiaggregant were found to be statistically significant with high mRS scores (p < 0.001). Patients with low Glasgow Coma Scale score at the time of admission had significantly higher mRS scores (p < 0.001).
Patients with advanced age, hypertension, and anticoagulant?antiaggregant use had a higher mRS score after hematoma formation. Preventable risk factors for spontaneous intraparenchymal hematomas are among the leading causes of disability, and early detection and treatment of underlying diseases are critical for hematoma prevention. Awareness about risk factors should be the priority to improve early diagnosis and reduce treatment disability rates.
AIM： To investigate the role of mangafodipir trisodium （MnDPDP） in focal pancreatic masses and mass-like lesions by evaluating contrast uptake features of the lesions and pancreatic parenchyma after ...contrast medium injection.
METHODS： A total of 37 patients with pancreatic mass or mass-like lesions were examined by unenhanced and MnDPDP-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）. RESULTS： MRI was obtained 20-40 min after infusion of MnDPDP and homogeneous contrast enhancement was observed in normal pancreas parenchyma. In patients with atrophic pancreas there was no enhancement in pancreatic parenchyma on MnDPDP-enhanced MRI. In 37 patients with 41 pancreatic masses and mass-like lesions, contrast enhancement was observed at 5 lesions on MnDPDP enhanced MRI. Three of these 5 lesions were focal pancreatitis and the other 2 were adenocarcinoma. No contrast enhancement was determined in 36 pancreatic masses and mass-like lesions in 32 patients.
CONCLUSION： MnDPDP contrast-enhanced MRI, especially in cases with no parenchyma atrophy, can distinguish focal pancreatic lesion margins. Information about the function of pancreatic parenchyma can be obtained out of tumor. MnDPDP facilitates staging of pancreatic tumors by detection of metastatic lesions in the liver. In addition, diminished heteregenous uptake of MnDPDP in patients with pancreatitis may be helpful in differential diagnosis.
•We examine the association of galectin-3 and galectin-4 with Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease (IPD) and its stages.•Higher serum galectin-3 and galectin-4 levels were significantly related to the ...presence of IPD.•Patients in the advanced IPD stages (Hoehn-Yahr stage 3–5) had the highest serum galectin-3 and galectin-4 levels.•Serum galectin-3 and galectin-4 levels may be used as new IPD biomarkers.
: Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of cells that secrete dopamine in the basal ganglia. Galectins are multipotent, evolutionarily conserved, cell surface glycoconjugated and crosslinked carbohydrate-binding proteins. The roles of these proteins in the diagnosis of the disease have been investigated.
: Patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were classified as early (stage 1–2) and advanced stage (stage 3–5) according to the Hoehn-Yahr classification. In addition, voluntary cases without parkinson disease constituted the control group. Serum samples of consecutive Parkinson patients and age and gender matched healthy controls were used to measure serum galectin-3 and serum galectin-4 levels. The levels were compared between Parkinson's patients and control groups and early and advanced stage Parkinson's groups.
: Thirty age and gender-matched healthy controls and 60 parkinson patients were enrolled in the study. Serum galectin-3 levels were lower in controls compared with patients (892.9 (168.2–2416.3) vs. 2271.8 (375.9–9673.4), respectively, P < 0.01). Serum galectin-3 levels were related to Hoehn-Yahr stages and (r: 0.691, P < 0.001). The early stage group (20 patients) had lower serum galectin-4 levels compared with advanced stages (40 patients) (197.97 ± 46.42 vs. 334.263 ± 37, respectively, P < 0.01). Serum galectin-4 levels were also lower in controls compared with patients 185.1 (116.2–313.3) vs. 282.3 (156.9–984.8), respectively, P < 0.01. ROC analysis showed that serum galectin-3 and galectin-4 were statistically significant in the identification of Parkinson disease and advanced stages. The results were significant for galectin-3 (AUC: 0.89, SE: 0.034, P < 0.001 and CI: 0.823-0.958; P < 0.001) and for galectin-4 (AUC: 0.758, SE: 0.05, P < 0.001).
: Serum galectin-3 and galectin-4 may be potential noninvasive markers for the identification of Parkinson disease and advanced stages.
SUMMARY
We investigate 3‐D basin structures and site resonance frequencies in the İzmit Bay area of Turkey by new geophysical surveys based on 239 single station microtremor and 405‐point gravity ...measurements. A fundamental resonance frequency map of the İzmit Bay was produced from the main peak in the horizontal‐to‐vertical component spectral ratio (HVSR) of microtremors. The HVSR analysis of the microtremor data reveals single, double, broad peaked or no peak type HVSR curves varying in accordance with the surface geology and spatial extent of the three basins present in the İzmit Bay area. In the deepest sections of the İzmit, Gölcük and Derince basins of the İzmit Bay, the fundamental resonance frequencies are dominantly 0.24–0.30 Hz. These resonance frequencies should be taken into consideration along with higher mode frequencies to construct earthquake resistant structures in the İzmit Bay area. The 3‐D gravimetric bedrock depth map of the İzmit basin shows that the basin has an asymmetric shape with its deepest section coinciding with the surface trace of the North Anatolian Fault. The northern shoulder of the basin has a gentle dip on the Kocaeli Peneplain side and the southern shoulder is much steeper, and it is bounded by the Samanlı Mountains. We derive a power‐law relationship that correlates the fundamental site resonance frequencies with the sedimentary cover thickness obtained from the gravity and shear wave velocity data in the İzmit Bay. We use this relationship to estimate bedrock depths beneath Gölcük and Derince basins. Our estimation of maximum basin depths is 1400 m for the İzmit and is 800 m for the Gölcük and Derince basins. Finally, we have analysed a converted Sp phase from a local earthquake recording made at site CMP to calculate and verify the sediment thickness estimations obtained from our gravimetric and microtremor analyses. This calculation shows close agreement with that of the gravimetric and microtremor results. Our results show that the basins in the İzmit Bay area have a very thick sedimentary cover with very low shear velocities underlined by hard bedrock, forming a sharp impedance contrast. We anticipate that these results will be a key contribution to the quantitative assessment of seismic hazard for the İzmit Bay area before the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the Marmara region.
COVID-19 was not taken seriously by many of us until the wave hit our countries and impacted daily life routines and travel plans, similar to our responses to climate change. COVID-19 led to a ...decrease of anthropogenic activities in Turkey, largely due to lockdown. Changes in the air quality index (AQI) were assessed before and during coronavirus. In this study, the authors investigated the changes of AQI for 2.5 µm particulate matter (PM
2.5
), a primary air pollutant, as well as ozone, a secondary air pollutant, in Turkey during December 2019, April 2020, and May 2020. Overall, the PM
2.5
index improved by 34.5% by the end of April 2020. However, the ozone index increased from 16.8 to 28.8 by the end of April. The increase in ozone is attributed to the reduction of PM levels, which increased sunlight penetration. Before COVID-19, the AQI for Turkey was categorized as unhealthy for sensitive groups (PM
2.5
= 103); however, during the pandemic, AQI fell to lower boundaries of the moderate category by May 2020 (PM
2.5
= 56.9). Changes in municipal wastewater were also assessed. Municipal wastewater quality and hospital waste generation did not change during the pandemic in Turkey. Therefore, we should not expect COVID-19 risks in treatment plant effluents. This study gives confidence to regulators that when strict measures are implemented, air quality can improve.
Graphic Abstract
Polymeric coatings of styrene derivatives due to its ease of production and application have been employed in fascinating range of applications. Distinct from other polymerization techniques, ...electrodeposition offers as a convenient strategy to achieve strong adherence between the polymer films and electrode surfaces which is highly desirable for functional coatings. In this study, it was aimed to electrosynthesize and characterize the functional polymer, poly (4-amino-3-nitrostyrene), for the first time. Electrosynthesis from 4-amino-3-nitrostyrene monomer onto gold electrodes was investigated in 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate/dichloromethane solution. Cathodic electropolymerization was performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a potential range of 0.4 V to − 2.0 V vs. SCE. The properties of the obtained polymeric coatings were investigated via electrochemical, microscopic and spectrochemical methods. The redox and charge transfer resistance behaviour of the resulting polymer was examined via CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Spectroscopic (UV–Vis, ATR-FTIR) techniques were employed to distinguish between the monomer and the obtained polymer film. The polymeric film thickness was measured by an optical profilometer and the optical energy gap of the obtained film was 2.41 eV. Scanning electron microscopy characterization of the polymer on the substrate revealed a compact film structure. Contact angle measurements displayed the low wettability of the polymer. Due to the good adhesion of the coatings, its usability for future corrosion protection studies was examined via EIS measurements. Electropolymerized poly (4-amino-3-nitrostyrene) showed a good potential to be used as a corrosion protection coating material since it preserved a long-term corrosion resistance.
Graphical abstract
This experiment was performed to assess reliability of the cytobrush–cytology method (CCM) in diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SCE) using the biopsy–histopathology method (BHM) as a reference ...in late lactating dairy cows. Reproductive organs were collected from 115 slaughtered multiparous crossbred cows culled due to infertility 398 ± 135 days subsequent to parturition. Samples were collected from the dorsal part of the corpus uteri for analyses. Inflammation status was graded histopathologically based on the cell percentages (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (LYM), macrophages (MAC), and plasma cells). Data were subjected to Friedman’s test for group comparisons (method and diagnosis), concordance correlation and chi–square tests for consistency of results among methods, and the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis for reliability of the CCM. Percentages of LYM (2.67x) and MAC (3.00x) were greater when evaluated using BHM than with CCM (P < 0.05 for both). The agreement (Cohen’s κ value) of results among methods was 0.79 ± 0.06. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the CCM for defining endometrial inflammation were 79.3% and 100%, respectively. Among inflammatory cells, proportions of LYM and MAC in the CCM had merit for evaluation of uterine inflammation, with an Se of 74.1 and 84.5 and an Sp of 93.0 and 75.4 at the cut–off > 4 and > 0, respectively. The results indicate the CCM may be used in the diagnosis of SCE when the LYM and MAC percentages are considered in chronically infertile cows in the later stages of the lactational period.
•Cytobrush–cytology is able to detect to chronic uterine inflammations.•Macrophage and lymphocyte proportions are the reference cells in chronic cases.•Cytobrush-cytology can be helpful for culling decision due to infertility in cows.
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