The XYZ states revisited Yuan, Chang-Zheng
International journal of modern physics. A, Particles and fields, gravitation, cosmology,
07/2018, Letnik:
33, Številka:
21
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The BESIII and the LHCb became the leading experiments in the study of the exotic states after the Belle and BaBar experiments finished their data taking in the first decade of this century. We ...review the progress in the study of the XYZ states at BESIII and LHCb experiments with their unique data samples in
e
+
e
−
annihilation at center-of-mass energies of 3.8–4.6 GeV and in
p
p
collision at center-of-mass energies 7, 8, and 13 TeV, respectively. With these data samples, we have deepened our understanding of the most famous charmonium-like states
X
(
3
8
7
2
)
,
Y
(
4
2
6
0
)
,
Z
c
(
3
9
0
0
)
, and
Z
c
(
4
4
3
0
)
, as well as other similar states like the
Y
(
4
1
4
0
)
and
X
(
3
8
2
3
)
. We review the progress in the study of these states and also discuss perspectives at future experiments.
Hyperoside is a natural flavonol glycoside in various plants, such as Crataegus pinnatifida Bge, Forsythia suspensa, and Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Medical research has found that hyperoside possesses a ...broad spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antidepressant, and organ protective effects. These pharmacological properties lay the foundation for its use in treating multiple diseases, such as sepsis, arthritis, colitis, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemia–reperfusion, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancers. Hyperoside is obtained from the plants and chemical synthesis. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of hyperoside on its sources and biological activities to provide insights into its therapeutic potential, and to provide a basis for high‐quality studies to determine the clinical efficacy of this compound.
The quark model was formulated in 1964 to classify mesons as bound states made of a quark–antiquark pair, and baryons as bound states made of three quarks. For a long time all known mesons and ...baryons could be classified within this scheme. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), however, in principle also allows the existence of more complex structures, generically called exotic hadrons or simply exotics. These include four-quark hadrons (tetraquarks and hadronic molecules), five-quark hadrons (pentaquarks) and states with active gluonic degrees of freedom (hybrids), and even states of pure glue (glueballs). Exotic hadrons have been systematically searched for in numerous experiments for many years. Remarkably, in the past fifteen years, many new hadrons that do not exhibit the expected properties of ordinary (not exotic) hadrons have been discovered in the quarkonium spectrum. These hadrons are collectively known as XYZ states. Some of them, like the charged states, are undoubtedly exotic. Parallel to the experimental progress, the last decades have also witnessed an enormous theoretical effort to reach a theoretical understanding of the XYZ states. Theoretical approaches include not only phenomenological extensions of the quark model to exotics, but also modern non-relativistic effective field theories and lattice QCD calculations. The present work aims at reviewing the rapid progress in the field of exotic XYZ hadrons over the past few years both in experiments and theory. It concludes with a summary on future prospects and challenges.
In vehicular networks, in-vehicle user equipment (UE) with limited battery capacity can achieve opportunistic energy saving by offloading energy-hungry workloads to vehicular edge computing nodes via ...vehicle-to-infrastructure links. However, how to determine the optimal portion of workload to be offloaded based on the dynamic states of energy consumption and latency in local computing, data transmission, workload execution and handover, is still an open issue. In this paper, we study the energy-efficient workload offloading problem and propose a low-complexity distributed solution based on consensus alternating direction method of multipliers. By incorporating a set of local variables for each UE, the original problem, in which the optimization variables of UEs are coupled together, is transformed into an equivalent general consensus problem with separable objectives and constraints. The consensus problem can be further decomposed into a bunch of subproblems, which are distributed across UEs and solved in parallel simultaneously. Finally, the proposed solution is validated based on a realistic road topology of Beijing, China. Simulation results have demonstrated that significant energy saving gain can be achieved by the proposed algorithm.
Summary
Much has been learned about the molecular and cellular components critical for the control of immune responses and tolerance. It remains a challenge, however, to control the immune response ...and tolerance at the system level without causing significant toxicity to normal tissues. Recent studies suggest that microRNA (miRNA) genes, an abundant class of non‐coding RNA genes that produce characteristic approximately 22 nucleotides small RNAs, play important roles in immune cells. In this article, we discuss emerging knowledge regarding the functions of miRNA genes in the immune system. We delve into the roles of miRNAs in regulating signaling strength and threshold, homeostasis, and the dynamics of the immune response and tolerance during normal and pathogenic immunological conditions. We also present observations based on analyzes of miR‐181 family genes that indicate the potential functions of primary and/or precursor miRNAs in target recognition and explore the impact of these findings on target identification. Finally, we illustrate that despite the subtle effects of miRNAs on gene expression, miRNAs have the potential to influence the outcomes of normal and pathogenic immune responses by controlling the quantitative and dynamic aspects of immune responses. Tuning miRNA functions in immune cells, through gain‐ and loss‐of‐function approaches in mice, may reveal novel approach to restore immune equilibrium from pathogenic conditions, such as autoimmune disease and leukemia, without significant toxicity.
Fog computing system is able to facilitate computation-intensive applications and emerges as one of the promising technology for realizing the Internet of Things (IoT). By offloading the ...computational tasks to the fog node (FN) at the network edge, both the service latency and energy consumption can be improved, which is significant for industrial IoT applications. However, the dynamics of computational resource usages in the FN, the radio environment and the energy in the battery of IoT devices make the offloading mechanism design become challenging. Therefore, in this article, we propose a dynamic optimization scheme for the IoT fog computing system with multiple mobile devices (MDs), where the radio and computational resources, and offloading decisions, can be dynamically coordinated and allocated with the variation of radio resources and computation demands. Specifically, with the objective to minimize the system cost related to latency, energy consumption, and weights of MDs, we propose a joint computation offloading and radio resource allocation algorithm based on Lyapunov optimization. Through minimizing the derived upper bound of the Lyapunov drift-plus-penalty function, we divide the main problem into several subproblems at each time slot and address them accordingly. Through performance evaluation, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme can be verified.
The unprecedented growth of wireless data traffic not only challenges the design and evolution of the wireless network architecture, but also brings about profound opportunities to drive and improve ...future networks. Meanwhile, the evolution of communications and computing technologies can make the network edge, such as BSs or UEs, become intelligent and rich in terms of computing and communications capabilities, which intuitively enables big data analytics at the network edge. In this article, we propose to explore big data analytics to advance edge caching capability, which is considered as a promising approach to improve network efficiency and alleviate the high demand for the radio resource in future networks. The learning-based approaches for network edge caching are discussed, where a vast amount of data can be harnessed for content popularity estimation and proactive caching strategy design. An outlook of research directions, challenges, and opportunities is provided and discussed in depth. To validate the proposed solution, a case study and a performance evaluation are presented. Numerical studies show that several gains are achieved by employing learning- based schemes for edge caching.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent central nervous system (CNS) degenerative disease. Oxidative stress is one of key contributors to PD. Nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 ...(Nrf2) is considered to be a master regulator of many genes involved in anti‐oxidant stress to attenuate cell death. Therefore, activation of Nrf2 signalling provides an effective avenue to treat PD. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenolic contained in fruits and nuts, possesses amounts of pharmacological activities, such as anti‐oxidant stress and anti‐inflammation. Recent studies have confirmed EA could be used as a neuroprotective agent in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, mice subcutaneous injection of rotenone (ROT)‐induced DA neuronal damage was performed to investigate EA‐mediated neuroprotection. In addition, adult Nrf2 knockout mice and different cell cultures including MN9D‐enciched, MN9D‐BV‐2 and MN9D‐C6 cell co‐cultures were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results demonstrated EA conferred neuroprotection against ROT‐induced DA neurotoxicity. Activation of Nrf2 signalling was involved in EA‐mediated DA neuroprotection, as evidenced by the following observations. First, EA activated Nrf2 signalling in ROT‐induced DA neuronal damage. Second, EA generated neuroprotection with the presence of astroglia and silence of Nrf2 in astroglia abolished EA‐mediated neuroprotection. Third, EA failed to produce DA neuroprotection in Nrf2 knockout mice. In conclusion, this study identified EA protected against DA neuronal loss via an Nrf2‐dependent manner.
•Impacts of different operational parameters on function microbes were evaluated.•Function microbiomes included the distinct and overlapping components.•The set of minimal “core microbiome” is ...detectable (ca. 40%).•Organic loading rate shaped finer microbial networks than hydraulic retention time.•Firmicutes is the most connected node with biogas production.
Understanding of how anaerobic digestion (AD)-related microbiomes are constructed by operational parameters or their interactions within the biochemical process is limited. Using high-throughput sequencing and molecular ecological network analysis, this study shows the succession of AD-related microbiome hosting diverse members of the phylum Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, and Firmicutes, which were affected by organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). OLR formed finer microbial network modules than HRT (12 vs. 6), suggesting the further subdivision of functional components. Biomarkers were also identified in OLR or HRT groups (e.g. the family Actinomycetaceae, Methanosaetaceae and Aminiphilaceae). The most pair-wise link between Firmicutes and biogas production indicates the keystone members based on network features can be considered as markers in the regulation of AD. A set of 40% species (“core microbiome”) were similar across different digesters. Such noteworthy overlap of microbiomes indicates they are generalists in maintaining the ecological stability of digesters.
Direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol using green hydrogen has emerged as a promising method for carbon neutrality, but qualifying catalysts represent a grand challenge. In2O3/ZrO2 catalyst has ...been extensively applied in methanol synthesis due to its superior activity; however, the electronic effect by strong oxides‐support interactions between In2O3 and ZrO2 at the In2O3/ZrO2 interface is poorly understood. In this work, abundant In2O3/ZrO2 heterointerfaces are engineered in a hollow‐structured In2O3@ZrO2 heterostructure through a facile pyrolysis of a hybrid metal–organic framework precursor MIL‐68@UiO‐66. Owing to well‐defined In2O3/ZrO2 heterointerfaces, the resultant In2O3@ZrO2 exhibits superior activity and stability toward CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, which can afford a high methanol selectivity of 84.6% at a conversion of 10.4% at 290 °C, and 3.0 MPa with a methanol space‐time yield of up to 0.29 gMeOH gcat−1 h−1. Extensive characterization demonstrates that there is a strong correlation between the strong electronic In2O3–ZrO2 interaction and catalytic selectivity. At In2O3/ZrO2 heterointerfaces, the electron tends to transfer from ZrO2 to In2O3 surface, which facilitates H2 dissociation and the hydrogenation of formate (HCOO*) and methoxy (CH3O*) species to methanol. This study provides an insight into the In2O3‐based catalysts and offers appealing opportunities for developing heterostructured CO2 hydrogenation catalysts with excellent activity.
The direct hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol has been regarded as the one of the most economical and effective ways to reduce CO2 emissions. Here, we constructed a hollow‐structured In2O3@ZrO2 by a hybrid MOF template‐directed strategy. The resultant In2O3@ZrO2 heterostructure shows high CO2 hydrogenation activity towards CH3OH (gMeOHgcat−1) with a selectivity of 84.6%.
PDF
