Conversion of levulinic acid to valuable chemicals: a review Xu, Wen‐Ping; Chen, Xue‐Fang; Guo, Hai‐Jun ...
Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (1986),
November 2021, 2021-11-00, 20211101, Letnik:
96, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Simple thiol derivatives, such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), play key roles in biological processes, and the fluorescent probes to detect such thiols in vivo ...selectively with high sensitivity and fast response times are critical for understanding their numerous functions. However, the similar structures and reactivities of these thiols pose considerable challenges to the development of such probes. This review focuses on various strategies for the design of fluorescent probes for the selective detection of biothiols. We classify the fluorescent probes for discrimination among biothiols according to reaction types between the probes and thiols such as cyclization with aldehydes, conjugate addition-cyclization with acrylates, native chemical ligation, and aromatic substitution-rearrangement.
Exhaustion of cytotoxic effector natural killer (NK) and CD8
T cells have important functions in the establishment of persistent viral infections, but how exhaustion is induced during chronic ...hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains poorly defined. Here we show, using the humanized C/O
mice permissive for persistent HCV infection, that NK and CD8
T cells become sequentially exhausted shortly after their transient hepatic infiltration and activation in acute HCV infection. HCV infection upregulates Qa-1 expression in hepatocytes, which ligates NKG2A to induce NK cell exhaustion. Antibodies targeting NKG2A or Qa-1 prevents NK exhaustion and promotes NK-dependent HCV clearance. Moreover, reactivated NK cells provide sufficient IFN-γ that helps rejuvenate polyclonal HCV CD8
T cell response and clearance of HCV. Our data thus show that NKG2A serves as a critical checkpoint for HCV-induced NK exhaustion, and that NKG2A blockade sequentially boosts interdependent NK and CD8
T cell functions to prevent persistent HCV infection.
People with serious mental illness are at great risk of suicide, but little is known about the suicide rates among this population. We aimed to quantify the suicide rates among people with serious ...mental illness (bipolar disorder, major depression, or schizophrenia).
PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify studies published from 1 January 1975 to 10 December 2020. We assessed English-language studies for the suicide rates among people with serious mental illness. Random-effects meta-analysis was used. Changes in follow-up time and the suicide rates were presented by a locally weighted scatter-plot smoothing (LOESS) curve. Suicide rate ratio was estimated for assessments of difference in suicide rate by sex.
Of 5014 identified studies, 41 were included in this analysis. The pooled suicide rate was 312.8 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 230.3-406.8). Europe was reported to have the highest pooled suicide rate of 335.2 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 261.5-417.6). Major depression had the highest suicide rate of 534.3 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 30.4-1448.7). There is a downward trend in suicide rate estimates over follow-up time. Excess risk of suicide in males was found 1.90 (95% CI 1.60-2.25). The most common suicide method was poisoning 21.9 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 3.7-50.4).
The suicide rates among people with serious mental illness were high, highlighting the requirements for increasing psychological assessment and monitoring. Further study should focus on region and age differences in suicide among this population.
Objective
To quantitatively examine the relationship between social support and suicidal ideation (SI) among patients with cancer and identify the moderators that influence the magnitude of this ...association.
Methods
Publications were searched in PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure from database inception to May, 2020. Correlation coefficients (r) were chosen as the effect size with a random model to evaluate the overall effect size between social support and SI in patients with cancer. To assess statistical heterogeneity, we examined potential moderator variables on the social support and SI.
Results
A total of 881 studies were identified in initial search, and twelve studies were eligible. A negative, small but significant correlation (r = −0.22, 95% CIs: −0.30,−0.14, p < 0.001) was observed between social support and SI in patients with cancer, with a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 95.24%, Q = 231.27, p < 0.001). Moderator analyses indicated that race/ethnicity (Q(1) = 8.4, p < 0.05) and measurements of social support (Q(3) = 9.78, p < 0.05) and SI (Q(3) = 9.69, p < 0.05) significantly moderate the effect size between social support and SI.
Conclusion
Taken together, we found a negative yet significant association between social support and SI in patients with cancer, which supported the importance of social support for the prevention of SI in patients with cancer.
Correntropy-Based Evolving Fuzzy Neural System Bao, Rong-Jing; Rong, Hai-Jun; Angelov, Plamen P. ...
IEEE transactions on fuzzy systems,
2018-June, 2018-6-00, Letnik:
26, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, a correntropy-based evolving fuzzy neural system (CEFNS) is proposed for approximation of nonlinear systems. Different from the commonly used mean-square error criterion, correntropy ...has a strong outliers rejection ability through capturing the higher moments of the error distribution. Considering the merits of correntropy, this paper brings contributions to build evolving fuzzy neural system (EFNS) based on the correntropy concept to achieve a more stable evolution of the rule base and update of the rule parameters instead of the commonly used mean-square error criterion. The correntropy-EFNS (CEFNS) begins with an empty rule base, and all rules are evolved online based on the correntropy criterion. The consequent part parameters are tuned based on the maximum correntropy criterion, where the correntropy is used as the cost function so as to improve the non-Gaussian noise rejection ability. The steady-state convergence performance of the CEFNS is studied through the calculation of the steady-state excess mean square error (EMSE) in two cases: Gaussian noise; and non-Gaussian noise. Finally, the CEFNS is validated through a benchmark system identification problem, a Mackey-Glass time series prediction problem as well as five other real-world benchmark regression problems under both noise-free and noisy conditions. Compared with other EFNSs, the simulation results show that the proposed CEFNS produces better approximation accuracy using the least number of rules and training time and also owns superior non-Gaussian noise handling capability.
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•Four novel organic dyes have been successfully synthesized and utilized for DSSCs.•The fluoranthene and triphenylene units are first introduced as a donor for DSSCs.•The influence of ...conjugate modes in donors on the photovoltaic properties is focused.•The PCE of DSSC based on PBT–2 reaches 7.67%, which is 37% higher than that of PBT–1.
Optimizing the molecular structure to adjust the properties of photosensitizer is one of the crucial means to improve the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this paper, four aromatic fused rings were selected as electron donor units to construct photosensitizers PBT–series. The effects of structural differences in the donor moiety on the photophysical and photochemical properties of the molecules were investigated in detail. The results show that the devices based on the dyes with triphenylene or fluoranthene as electron donor can yield higher short-circuit photocurrent densities (Jsc) and open-circuit voltages (Voc) than the devices based on the reference dyes with pyrene or phenanthrene as electron donor, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is increased by 37% and 23%, respectively. PBT–2 and PBT–4 sensitizers have better light absorption properties due to stronger intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) charge transitions, which helps to increase the photocurrent of devices, while they also exhibit significantly lower charge recombination rates. Eventually, PBT–2-based devices showed the best power conversion efficiency of 7.67% under the standard global AM 1.5 solar conditions.
Based on OR logic gate, we proposed a smart near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, named
, for simultaneously monitoring local microviscosity, micropolarity, and carboxylesterases (CEs) in living ...cells through blue and red channels. This proposed probe was capable of distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells and had good potential for identifying living liver cell lines. Furthermore, the fluctuations of the three analytes of interest in different cell status was successfully explored. Particularly, facilitated with high-content analysis (HCA) and
, a simple and efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) platform was first constructed for screening antitumor drugs and studying their effect on the analytes. For the first time, we found that sorafenib-induced ferroptosis led to an increase in the microviscosity and up-regulation of CEs at the same time. Additionally, the procedure that aristolochic acid (AA) induced the overexpression of CEs was verified. Besides,
was utilized for imaging the variations of the two microenvironment parameters and CEs in the inflammation model. Finally,
was able to image the tumor ex vivo and in vivo through two channels and one channel separately, as well as to visualize the kidneys and liver ex vivo with dual emissions, which indicated that the probe had great potential for imaging applications such as medical diagnosis, preclinical research, and imaging-guided surgery.
•A novel tyrosinase inhibitory peptide FPY was identified from defatted walnut meal.•The interaction forces between FPY and the receptor were clarified.•The inhibition type of FPY on tyrosinase was ...competitive and reversible.•The peptide FPY can resist the degradation of digestive enzymes in vitro.
Defatted walnut meal protein was hydrolyzed using alcalase to yield tyrosinase inhibitory peptides. After separation by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-25, the fraction with the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and 606 peptides were obtained. Then, molecular docking was used to screen for tyrosinase inhibitory peptides and to clarify the theoretical interaction mechanism between the peptides and tyrosinase. A peptide with the sequence Phe-Pro-Tyr (FPY, MW: 425.2 Da) was identified and the synthesized peptide inhibited tyrosine monophenolase and diphenolase with IC50 values of 1.11 ± 0.05 and 3.22 ± 0.09 mM, respectively. The inhibition of tyrosinase by FPY was competitive and reversible. Good stability of FPY toward digestion was observed in an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation experiment. These results indicated that FPY can be used as a potential tyrosinase inhibitor in the food, medicine, and cosmetics industries.
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