•EPS1-1 increased the proliferation and IL-2 production of splenocyte in vitro and in vivo.•EPS1-1 could activate the mature of macrophages by strengthening the phagocytic and acid phosphatase ...activity, the production of NO and the expression of IL-2, TNF-α and iNOS in vitro.•EPS1-1 could dramatically enhance the immunity of normal and immunosuppressed mice.
Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS1-1) was extracted from fermentation liquor of Rhizopus nigricans and evaluated its immune-enhancing activities in vitro and in vivo. Results suggested that the proliferation of lymphocyte was stimulated after treated with EPS1-1. Moreover, the activities of macrophages were enhanced by increasing the activities of phagocytosis and acid phosphatase, the production of NO and the mRNA levels of IL-2, TNF-α and iNOS. Furthermore, EPS1-1 could significantly boost the immunity of normal and immunosuppressed mice, which included the increase of loaded swimming time, footpad swelling, organ index and the secretion of IL-2 and TNF-α in serum, thus suggesting that EPS1-1 could improve the body immunity through cellular immunity and humoral immunity. These findings provided further insights into the potential use of EPS1-1 as immunopotentiator or new function food.
Leucine-rich repeats receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) play important roles in plant growth and development as well as stress responses. Here, 56 LRR-RLK genes were identified in the Antarctic moss ...Pohlia nutans transcriptome, which were further classified into 11 subgroups based on their extracellular domain. Of them, PnLRR-RLK27 belongs to the LRR II subgroup and its expression was significantly induced by abiotic stresses. Subcellular localization analysis showed that PnLRR-RLK27 was a plasma membrane protein. The overexpression of PnLRR-RLK27 in Physcomitrella significantly enhanced the salinity and ABA tolerance in their gametophyte growth. Similarly, PnLRR-RLK27 heterologous expression in Arabidopsis increased the salinity and ABA tolerance in their seed germination and early root growth as well as the tolerance to oxidative stress. PnLRR-RLK27 overproduction in these transgenic plants increased the expression of salt stress/ABA-related genes. Furthermore, PnLRR-RLK27 increased the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS. Taken together, these results suggested that PnLRR-RLK27 as a signaling regulator confer abiotic stress response associated with the regulation of the stress- and ABA-mediated signaling network.
sp. has a wide range of applications in the food fermentation industry. In this study, a novel exopolysaccharide, labeled MSEPS, was separated from
sp. fermentation broth through ethanol ...precipitation and was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, as well as gel filtration column chromatography. MSEPS was composed mostly of mannose, galactose, fucose, arabinose, and glucose with a molar ratio of 0.466:0.169:0.139:0.126:0.015 and had a molecular weight of 7.78 × 10
Da. The analysis of methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance results indicated that MSEPS mainly consisted of a backbone of →3,6)-α-d-Man
-(1→3,6)-β-d-Gal
-(1→, with substitution at O-3 of →6)-α-d-Man
-(1→ and →6)-β-d-Gal
-(1→ by terminal α-l-Ara
residues. MTT assays showed that MSEPS was nontoxic in normal cells (HK-2 cells) and inhibited the proliferation of carcinoma cells (SGC-7901 cells). Additionally, morphological analysis and flow cytometry experiments indicated that MSEPS promoted SGC-7901 cell death via apoptosis. Therefore, MSEPS from
sp. can be developed as a potential antitumor agent.
Inulin-type fructans (ITFs) have been shown to possess various biological activities. However, studies on their safety and side effects are limited. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the possible effects ...of burdock ITFs on the physiological indices of healthy mice and their filial generation when fed for six months. Thirty-two C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups; a normal control (NC) and an ITFs group. The parental generations were kept in one cage with free access to a normal diet and double-distilled water (P-NC group) or burdock ITFs drinking water (P-ITFs group, 2% w/v). The filial generations (F-NC group and F-ITFs group) were kept separately and were fed as their parental generation. Behavior, organ/body weight, serum indices, histopathology, time of production, and number of pup births were observed. There were no significant adverse effects on these indices. Functional indices of the spleen, lung, heart, and pancreas of the ITFs groups were higher than those of the NC groups, respectively. Interestingly, the serum glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), uric acid (UA) and creatine kinase (CK) levels of the ITFs groups were lower than those of the NC groups. Meanwhile, the pregnancy number and pup birth number of the P-ITFs group were more than those of P-NC group. Therefore, long-term consumption of burdock ITFs has no obvious adverse effects on the health of parental mice and their offspring, but may contribute to reproductive capacity, fatigue reduction, and risk reduction of renal disease.
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•A natural polysaccharide (EPS1-1) was isolated from Rhizopus nigricans.•EPS1-1 could inhibit colitis-associated cancer occurrence and development in vivo.•EPS1-1 relieved the ...immunological inflammation induced by AOM/DSS.•EPS1-1 has bright prospects as a functional adjuvant drug to against CAC.
An extracellular polysaccharide (EPS1-1) of Rhizopus nigricans was found to enhance immunity and reduce colon cancer cell proliferation. Here, the effect of EPS1-1 on a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was investigated. Pathological symptoms, including weight loss, piloerection, hematochezia and insensitivity caused by AOM/DSS, were relieved by EPS1-1. Anatomical results showed a 100% tumor incidence, a series of neoplasms, disordered cell structure and hyperplastic glands in the model group, while the abnormal behaviors were relieved and the tumors decreased in the EPS1-1 group. Compared with the model group, the EPS1-1 group showed decreased oncogenic protein (COX-2, β-catenin, CyclinD1 and C-Myc) expression. TUNEL staining showed that EPS1-1 increased the apoptosis of colon cancer cells in mice. Furthermore, the expression of proliferative proteins (Ki-67 and PCNA) and an antiapoptotic gene transcript (Bcl-2) were significantly down regulated by EPS1-1, while apoptotic gene transcripts (p53 and Bax) were enhanced. In addition, EPS1-1 notably decreased the number of cells positive for CD68, F4/80 and NF-κB and reduced the concentrations of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) in serum compared with those in the model group. Taken together, these results suggest that EPS1-1 may be a therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of CAC.
► Common postharvest disease in seven kinds of fruits can be controlled by burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO). ► A 29 percent AUDPC decrease of Botrytis cinerea in Kyoho grape has been observed. ► ...Salicylic acid-dependent signalling pathway and systemic acquired resistance have been activated by BFO in Kyoho grape. ► BFO delayed grape browning by delaying peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity in Kyoho grape skin. ► BFO restrained respiration rate, weight loss, and titratable acidity in Kyoho grape.
Burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO) is a natural elicitor from Arcitum lappa. The effects of BFO in controlling postharvest disease in grape, apple, banana, kiwi, citrus, strawberry, and pear were investigated. The disease index, decay percentage, and area under the disease progress curve indicated that BFO has general control effects on postharvest disease of fruits. Kyoho grapes were studied to elucidate the mechanism of BFO in boosting the resistance of grapes to Botrytis cinerea infection. BFO treatment induced upregulation of the npr1, pr1, pal, and sts genes, and inhibited the total phenol content decrease, which activated chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. These results indicated that the salicylic acid-dependent signalling pathway was induced. The delayed colour change and peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity suggested that BFO delayed grape browning. The reduced respiration rate, weight loss, and titratable acidity prolonged the shelf life of postharvest grapes. BFO is a promising elicitor in postharvest disease control.
An inulin polysaccharide with a molecular weight of ~ 2600 Da was derived from Jerusalem artichoke tubers and referred to as “JAP”. Previous studies have shown that inulin can improve glucose ...tolerance and the liver lipid profile; however, its antitumor activity remains to be examined in detail. Therefore, to investigate the possible improvement of the antitumor activity of JAP, a novel nanostructured biomaterial was constructed by capping Se nanoparticles with JAP using sodium selenite, via a redox reaction with ascorbic acid, and referred to as “JAP-SeNPs”. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the average diameter of JAP-SeNPs is ~ 50 nm, and the C:Se mass ratio in JAP-SeNPs was found to be 15.4:1 by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The well-dispersed JAP-SeNPs exhibited a significant in vitro antiproliferative effect on mouse forestomach carcinoma cells at a concentration of 400 μg/mL when incubated for 48 h, with an inhibition rate of 41.5%. Moreover, 38.9% of later apoptotic cells were observed. These results reveal that a combination of Se and JAP can effectively enhance the antitumor activity of polysaccharides obtained from Jerusalem artichoke tubers.
In the current study, we utilized molecular modeling and simulation approaches to define putative potential molecular targets for Burdock Inulin, including inflammatory proteins such as iNOS, COX-2, ...TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1β. Molecular docking results revealed potential interactions and good binding affinity for these targets; however, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS were identified as the best targets for Inulin. Molecular simulation-based stability assessment demonstrated that inulin could primarily target iNOS and may also supplementarily target COX-2 and IL-1β during DSS-induced colitis to reduce the role of these inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, residual flexibility, hydrogen bonding, and structural packing were reported with uniform trajectories, showing no significant perturbation throughout the simulation. The protein motions within the simulation trajectories were clustered using principal component analysis (PCA). The IL-1β-Inulin complex, approximately 70% of the total motion was attributed to the first three eigenvectors, while the remaining motion was contributed by the remaining eigenvectors. In contrast, for the COX2-Inulin complex, 75% of the total motion was attributed to the eigenvectors. Furthermore, in the iNOS-Inulin complex, the first three eigenvectors contributed to 60% of the total motion. Furthermore, the iNOS-Inulin complex contributed 60% to the total motion through the first three eigenvectors. To explore thermodynamically favorable changes upon mutation, motion mode analysis was carried out. The Free Energy Landscape (FEL) results demonstrated that the IL-1β-Inulin achieved a single conformation with the lowest energy, while COX2-Inulin and iNOS-Inulin exhibited two lowest-energy conformations each. IL-1β-Inulin and COX2-Inulin displayed total binding free energies of - 27.76 kcal/mol and - 37.78 kcal/mol, respectively, while iNOS-Inulin demonstrated the best binding free energy results at - 45.89 kcal/mol. This indicates a stronger pharmacological potential of iNOS than the other two complexes. Thus, further experiments are needed to use inulin to target iNOS and reduce DSS-induced colitis and other autoimmune diseases.
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•BFO can protect the liver to maintain mice cholesterol homeostasis.•BFO can balance inflammatory response to protect the blood vessels.•Treatment with BFO inhibited the proliferation ...of foam cells induced by ox-LDL.•BFO can reduce the risk of the occurrence and development of hypercholesterolemia.
Burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO) is a type of linear inulin extracted from burdock root. In this study, we studied the effect of BFO in hypercholesterolemic mice model and found that BFO could decrease the total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). BFO also reduce the hepatocyte damage, improve the antioxidant enzymes activity and regulate genes related to the cholesterol homeostasis in liver. Besides, we found that BFO protected the blood vessels by significantly balancing inflammatory cytokines and alleviating the up-regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in aorta. Furthermore, we established a foam cells model induced by ox-LDL in vitro and found that 500 and 1000 μg/mL BFO could effectively inhibit cell proliferation and reduce the production of intracellular lipids and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, BFO can reduce the risk of hypercholesterolemia by maintaining cholesterol homeostasis, reducing vascular inflammation and alleviating macrophage foaming to prevent its further development into cardiovascular diseases.
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•An acidic polysaccharide (RBAPS) was gained from fermented burdock residue mediated by R. nigricans.•The structural characteristics of RBAPS were clarified.•RBAPS promoted cell ...viability and phagocytosis of macrophages.•RBAPS induced the macrophages polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion.
An acidic heteropolysaccharide (RBAPS) with a relative molecular weight of 140.9 kDa was extracted from Rhizopus nigricans mediated burdock residue fermentation. Structural analysis indicated that RBAPS was mainly composed of Rha, Ara, Gal, GalA, GlcA, Glc and Xyl in a molar ratio of 14.5: 14.3: 30.1: 31.0: 5.5: 0.8: 3.8. The dominant backbone of RBAPS consisted of α-Rhap, α-GalAp, and α-Galp with the branched chains of β-Galp and α-Araf. In macrophage RAW264.7 cells, RBAPS promoted proliferation, enhanced phagocytosis, hindered apoptosis, and promoted cytokines (NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) secretion. RBAPS also promoted M1 macrophage transformation and induced the secretion of NO and IL-6 in differentiated macrophages. The findings suggested that RBAPS has the potential immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects, giving it application prospect in the health and pharmaceutical fields.
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