The photodegradation of malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye, is examined both under different pH values and amounts of TiO(2). After 15W UV-365nm irradiation for 4h, ca. 99.9% of MG ...was degraded with addition of 0.5gL(-1) TiO(2) to solutions containing 50mgL(-1) of the MG dye. The HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS technique was used to obtain a better understanding on the mechanistic details of this TiO(2)-assisted photodegradation of the MG dye with UV irradiation. Five intermediates of the process were separated, identified, and characterized for the first time. The results indicated that the N-de-methylation degradation of MG dye took place in a stepwise manner to yield mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-N-de-methylated MG species generated during the processes. Under acidic conditions, the results indicated that the photodegradation mechanism is favorable to cleavage of the whole conjugated chromophore structure of the MG dye. Under basic conditions, the results showed that the photodegradation mechanism is favorable to a formation of a series of N-de-methylated intermediates of the MG dye.
Well‐characterized genes that affect warfarin metabolism (cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9) and sensitivity (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1)) explain one‐third of the variability in ...therapeutic dose before the international normalized ratio (INR) is measured. To determine genotypic relevance after INR becomes available, we derived clinical and pharmacogenetic refinement algorithms on the basis of INR values (on day 4 or 5 of therapy), clinical factors, and genotype. After adjusting for INR, CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes remained significant predictors (P < 0.001) of warfarin dose. The clinical algorithm had an R2 of 48% (median absolute error (MAE): 7.0 mg/week) and the pharmacogenetic algorithm had an R2 of 63% (MAE: 5.5 mg/week) in the derivation set (N = 969). In independent validation sets, the R2 was 26–43% with the clinical algorithm and 42–58% when genotype was added (P = 0.002). After several days of therapy, a pharmacogenetic algorithm estimates the therapeutic warfarin dose more accurately than one using clinical factors and INR response alone.
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010) 87 5, 572–578. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.13
We combine high-resolution ALMA and HST/CANDELS observations of 20 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), predominantly from the AS2UDS survey at z 2, with bright rest-frame optical counterparts ( ) to ...investigate the resolved structural properties of their dust and stellar components. We derive two-dimensional stellar-mass distributions that are inferred from spatial mass-to-light ratio ( ) corrections based on rest-frame optical colors. Due to the high central column densities of dust in our SMGs, our mass distributions likely represent a lower limit to the true central mass density. The centroid positions between the inferred stellar-mass and the dust distributions agree within 1.1 kpc, indicating an overall good spatial agreement between the two components. The majority of our sources exhibit compact dust configurations relative to the stellar component (with a median ratio of effective radii = 0.6). This ratio does not change with specific star formation rate over the factor of 30 spanned by our targets, sampling the locus of "normal" main-sequence galaxies up to the starburst regime, . Unlike typical spiral galaxies in the local universe, our results imply that massive SMGs are experiencing centrally enhanced star formation. The sizes and stellar densities of our SMGs are in agreement with those of the passive population at z = 1.5, which is consistent with these systems being the descendants of z 2 SMGs.
Patients with renal infarction are vulnerable to thromboembolic complications with poor outcomes. There is limited report concerning the effect of anti-coagulant therapy in this population.
To assess ...the impact of anti-coagulant therapy on outcomes in patients with renal infarction.
A retrospective cohort study of 101 renal infarction patients was conducted.
The association between anti-coagulant therapy, all-cause mortality, thromboembolic complications and renal outcome was evaluated. Demographic data and comorbidities were collected for analysis. Anti-coagulant therapy was treated as a time-dependent variable. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multi-variate Cox proportional hazards models.
Fifty-seven (56.4%) patients with renal infarction received anti-coagulant therapy during the study period. The all-cause mortality rate was 7.56 per 100 patient-years. Age (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08) was a risk factor for all-cause mortality and anti-coagulant therapy was associated with a 92% improved survival (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.34). Twelve (11.9%) thromboembolic events occurred following renal infarction. Current smoking (HR 10.37, 95% CI 1.60-67.43) had an adverse effect and anti-coagulant therapy (HR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.73) had a significant protective impact on thromboembolic complications. There was no significant association between anti-coagulant therapy and long-term renal outcome in renal infarction patients including the monthly change in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the incidence of eGFR reduction of more than 50% and end-stage renal disease.
Anti-coagulant therapy in patients with renal infarction was associated with better survival and reduced thromboembolic complications.
After several years of quiescence, the blazar CTA 102 underwent an exceptional outburst in 2012 September–October. The flare was tracked from γ-ray to near-infrared (NIR) frequencies, including Fermi ...and Swift data as well as photometric and polarimetric data from several observatories. An intensive Glast-Agile support programme of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (GASP–WEBT) collaboration campaign in optical and NIR bands, with an addition of previously unpublished archival data and extension through fall 2015, allows comparison of this outburst with the previous activity period of this blazar in 2004–2005. We find remarkable similarity between the optical and γ-ray behaviour of CTA 102 during the outburst, with a time lag between the two light curves of ≈1 h, indicative of cospatiality of the optical and γ-ray emission regions. The relation between the γ-ray and optical fluxes is consistent with the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) mechanism, with a quadratic dependence of the SSC γ-ray flux on the synchrotron optical flux evident in the post-outburst stage. However, the γ-ray/optical relationship is linear during the outburst; we attribute this to changes in the Doppler factor. A strong harder-when-brighter spectral dependence is seen both the in γ-ray and optical non-thermal emission. This hardening can be explained by convexity of the UV–NIR spectrum that moves to higher frequencies owing to an increased Doppler shift as the viewing angle decreases during the outburst stage. The overall pattern of Stokes parameter variations agrees with a model of a radiating blob or shock wave that moves along a helical path down the jet.
Abstract This study was conducted to analyze the long-term facial growth of patients with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) after early mandible distraction osteogenesis (DO), and compared adult ...three-dimensional (3D) craniofacial features of patients with and without early mandibular DO for Pruzansky grade II deformities. The study included 20 patients: 9 with early mandible DO (the DO group) and 11 without previous treatment (the NDO group). Longitudinal radiographs were measured for growth changes after DO. The 3D craniofacial images were constructed to compare the craniofacial forms between the two groups. The patients with early DO presented 8 to 9 mm forward and downward maxillary growth and 4.6 mm limited forward and 17.3 mm substantial downward mandibular growth. The ramus length ratio (affected/nonaffected) was 90.8% at DO completion and decreased to 69.5% at growth completion during 13 years of follow-up. Both groups showed obvious craniofacial asymmetry, as indicated by occlusal plane canting, chin deviation, transverse and vertical condyle positions, and mandibular contours. Although all the bilateral differences were higher in the NDO group than in the DO group, no statistical differences were found. Early mandible distraction could not alter the inherent facial growth pattern in patients with grade II CFM. Limited changes are derived for definitive facial correction with early DO.
ABSTRACT
We study the spectral and temporal properties of the black hole X-ray transient binary MAXI J1820+070 during the 2018 outburst with Insight-HXMT observations. The outburst of MAXI J1820+070 ...can be divided into three intervals. For the two intervals of the outburst, we find that low-energy (below 140 keV) photons lag high-energy (140–170 keV) ones, while in the decay of the outburst, high-energy photons lag low-energy photons, both with a time-scale of the order of days. Based on these results, the canonical hysteresis effect of the ‘q’ shape in the hardness–intensity diagram can be reformed into a roughly linear shape by taking into account the lag corrections between different energy bands. Time analysis shows that the high-frequency break of hard X-rays, derived from the power-density spectrum of the first interval of the outburst, is in general larger and more variable than that of soft X-rays. The spectral fitting shows that the coverage fraction of the hard X-rays drops sharply at the beginning of the outburst to about 0.5, and then increases slightly. The coverage fraction drops to roughly zero once the source steps into soft state and increases gradually to unity when the source returns to low–hard state. We discuss the possible overall evolution scenario of corona hinted from these discoveries.
Space geodetic observations of polar motion show that around 2005, the average annual pole position began drifting toward the east, an abrupt departure from the drift direction seen over the past ...century. Satellite gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) show that about 90% of this change is due to accelerated melting of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers and related sea level rise. The close relationship between long‐term polar motion and climate‐related mass redistribution established using GRACE data indicates that accurately measured polar motion data offer an additional tool for monitoring global‐scale ice melting and sea level rise and should be useful in bridging the anticipated gap between GRACE and follow‐on satellite gravity missions.
Key Points
First explained the abrupt departure of the mean pole position in recent years.
Polar motion provides constraints to study of ice melting and sea level rise.
Polar motion is useful in bridging the gap between GRACE and follow‐on missions.
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