Organic electrochemical transistors showing maximum transconductance (gm) at zero gate bias (VG) is desired but has long been a challenge. To date, few solutions to this issue are available. ...Light‐matter interplay is shown as rich sources for optogenetics, photodynamic therapy, and advanced electronics, but its potential in gm modulation are largely untapped. Herein, the challenge is addressed by unique light‐matter interplay in the newly emerged technique of organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT), which is exemplified by dual‐ligand photosensitive metal–organic frameworks (DL‐PS‐MOFs)/TiO2 nanorods (NRs) gated poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) OPECT under 425 nm light irradiation. Interestingly, the light stimulation on the DL‐PS‐MOFs can de‐dope PEDOT:PSS with altered transistor physics, achieving device showing maximum gm at zero VG and the simultaneous superior output of channel current. In connection to a cascade catalytic hairpin assembly‐rolling circle amplification strategy, such a device is then biologically interfaced with a miRNA‐triggered growth of DNA spheres for the sensitive detection of miRNA‐21 down to 0.12 fm. This work features a proof‐of‐concept study using light‐matter interplay to enable organic transistors showing maximum gm at zero VG and its sensitive biological interfacing application.
Herein, light‐matter interplay tune PEDOT:PSS OPECT showing maximum transconductance at zero gate bias and its biological interfacing application is realized for the first time, which is exemplified by dual ligand photosensitive metal–organic frameworks/TiO2 nanorods gated OPECT under 425 nm light irradiation. The proposed device exhibits good analytical performance for miRNA‐21 with a detection limit of 0.12 fm.
•A National Energy Technology model for cement industry (NET-Cement) is established.•Optimal transition pathway towards a green cement industry in China is proposed.•The comprehensive impacts of four ...types of green transition measures are evaluated.•Cement industry in China is able to reach 30.69% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050.•The average CO2 emission abatement cost will be 183.12 CNY/tCO2.•Improving energy efficiency has the largest energy savings among all green measures.
Cement industry is regarded as one of the most energy-intensive sectors, which generates large amount of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. Therefore, the realization of green development of cement industry is of great significance. A bottom-up National Energy Technology-Cement (NET-Cement) Model is developed for optimizing the green transition pathway of the cement industry. Based on China's empirical background, this study comprehensively evaluates the potentials of energy saving and emission reduction of four types of green transition measures, including improving energy efficiency, switching to alternative fuels, using alternative raw materials and implementing Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) on the basis of meeting the demand of future cement products. The results show that simultaneous implementation of the above four measures would reach approximately 30.69% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 compared with the situation following the existing policies. The corresponding average emission abatement cost will be 183.12 CNY/tCO2. Regarding the energy saving and emission reduction effect of a single measure, improving energy efficiency (AT scenario) contributes the most energy saving (9 Mtce) and has a 3.04% emission reduction rate in 2050. Using calcium carbide as alternative raw materials has the lowest average abatement cost being 63.03 CNY/tCO2 in 2050. Pollutants such as SO2, NOX, PM2.5, smoke dust and fine dust can be largely reduced as well.
The pure culture of prokaryotes remains essential to elucidating the role of these organisms. Scientists have reasoned that hard to cultivate microorganisms might grow in pure culture if provided ...with the chemical components of their natural environment. However, most microbial species in the biosphere that would otherwise be "culturable" may fail to grow because of their growth state in nature, such as dormancy. That means even if scientist would provide microorganisms with the natural environment, such dormant microorganisms probably still remain in a dormant state.
We constructed an enrichment culture system for high-efficiency isolation of uncultured strains from marine sediment. Degree of enrichment analysis, dormant and active taxa calculation, viable but non-culturable bacteria resuscitation analysis, combined with metatranscriptomic and comparative genomic analyses of the interactions between microbial communications during enrichment culture showed that the so-called enrichment method could culture the "uncultured" not only through enriching the abundance of "uncultured," but also through the resuscitation mechanism. In addition, the enrichment culture was a complicated mixed culture system, which contains the competition, cooperation, or coordination among bacterial communities, compared with pure cultures.
Considering that cultivation techniques must evolve further-from axenic to mixed cultures-for us to fully understand the microbial world, we should redevelop an understanding of the classic enrichment culture method. Enrichment culture methods can be developed and used to construct a model for analyzing mixed cultures and exploring microbial dark matter. This study provides a new train of thought to mining marine microbial dark matter based on mixed cultures.
•A three-level technology selection is constructed for ethylene industry.•A National Energy Technology model is established for China’s ethylene industry.•The impacts of production structure change ...and advanced technologies are evaluated.•Technology roadmap for achieving the target of current policies are obtained.•A more sustainable development pathway is proposed for China’s ethylene industry.
Ethylene production increases rapidly in recent years in China, which promotes the growth of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Ethylene industry is a technology-intensive industry, for which steam cracking, coal to olefins and methanol to olefins are three main production ways. In view of energy-efficient and low-carbon technology selection, this study aims to find a suitable roadmap to achieve the targets under current policies for China’s ethylene industry by utilizing National Energy Technology model. With this roadmap, we find that the policy goal for steam cracking could be achieved and the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of producing one-ton ethylene could decrease effectively. Specifically, for producing per ton ethylene, energy consumption could be reduced by 16.8% and 17.1% in 2030 compared to 2015 for steam cracking and coal to olefins respectively, and the values of CO2 emissions are 18.1% and 14.8%. In addition, this study makes a discussion about how to achieve a more sustainable development for ethylene industry in China and it is found that both of energy consumption and CO2 emissions could be reduced by about 20% in 2030 compared to the reference scenario. It is proposed that structure of feedstock in steam cracking could be optimized with more light materials and ethylene producing ways need to be planned well. Especially, environmental effect of coal to olefins should be taken into consideration in its process of development. Steam cracking with ethane and methanol to olefins with imported methanol could be encouraged as they can reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission directly.
Ship detection in high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is a challenging problem in the case of complex environments, especially inshore and offshore scenes. Nowadays, the existing ...methods of SAR ship detection mainly use low-resolution representations obtained by classification networks or recover high-resolution representations from low-resolution representations in SAR images. As the representation learning is characterized by low resolution and the huge loss of resolution makes it difficult to obtain accurate prediction results in spatial accuracy; therefore, these networks are not suitable to ship detection of region-level. In this paper, a novel ship detection method based on a high-resolution ship detection network (HR-SDNet) for high-resolution SAR imagery is proposed. The HR-SDNet adopts a novel high-resolution feature pyramid network (HRFPN) to take full advantage of the feature maps of high-resolution and low-resolution convolutions for SAR image ship detection. In this scheme, the HRFPN connects high-to-low resolution subnetworks in parallel and can maintain high resolution. Next, the Soft Non-Maximum Suppression (Soft-NMS) is used to improve the performance of the NMS, thereby improving the detection performance of the dense ships. Then, we introduce the Microsoft Common Objects in Context (COCO) evaluation metrics, which provides not only the higher quality evaluation metrics average precision (AP) for more accurate bounding box regression, but also the evaluation metrics for small, medium and large targets, so as to precisely evaluate the detection performance of our method. Finally, the experimental results on the SAR ship detection dataset (SSDD) and TerraSAR-X high-resolution images reveal that (1) our approach based on the HRFPN has superior detection performance for both inshore and offshore scenes of the high-resolution SAR imagery, which achieves nearly 4.3% performance gains compared to feature pyramid network (FPN) in inshore scenes, thus proving its effectiveness; (2) compared with the existing algorithms, our approach is more accurate and robust for ship detection of high-resolution SAR imagery, especially inshore and offshore scenes; (3) with the Soft-NMS algorithm, our network performs better, which achieves nearly 1% performance gains in terms of AP; (4) the COCO evaluation metrics are effective for SAR image ship detection; (5) the displayed thresholds within a certain range have a significant impact on the robustness of ship detectors.
This paper presents a new approach to index color images using the features extracted from the error diffusion block truncation coding (EDBTC). The EDBTC produces two color quantizers and a bitmap ...image, which are further processed using vector quantization (VQ) to generate the image feature descriptor. Herein two features are introduced, namely, color histogram feature (CHF) and bit pattern histogram feature (BHF), to measure the similarity between a query image and the target image in database. The CHF and BHF are computed from the VQ-indexed color quantizer and VQ-indexed bitmap image, respectively. The distance computed from CHF and BHF can be utilized to measure the similarity between two images. As documented in the experimental result, the proposed indexing method outperforms the former block truncation coding based image indexing and the other existing image retrieval schemes with natural and textural data sets. Thus, the proposed EDBTC is not only examined with good capability for image compression but also offers an effective way to index images for the content-based image retrieval system.
Although quantum entanglement is an important resource, its characterization is quite challenging. The partial transposition is a common method to detect bipartite entanglement. In this paper, the ...authors study the partial‐transpose(PT)‐moments of two‐qubit states, and completely describe the whole region, composed of the second and third PT‐moments, for all two‐qubit states. Furthermore, they determine the accurate region corresponding to all entangled two‐qubit states. The states corresponding to those boundary points of the whole region, and to the border lines between separable and entangled states are analyzed. As an application, they characterize the entangled region of PT‐moments for the two families of Werner states and Bell‐diagonal states. The relations between entanglement and the pairs of PT‐moments are revealed from these typical examples. They also numerically plot the whole region of possible PT‐moments for all two‐qubit X‐states, and find that this region is almost the same as the whole region of PT‐moments for all two‐qubit states. Moreover, they extend their results to detect the entanglement of multiqubit states. By utilizing the PT‐moment‐based method to characterize the entanglement of the multiqubit states mixed by the GHZ and W states, they propose an operational way of verifying the genuine entanglement in such states.
The measurability of PT‐moments (partial‐transpose‐moments) bridges the practical limitations of the PPT (positive‐partial‐transpose) criterion. This work describes the whole region composed of the second and third PT‐moments, for all two‐qubit states, and determines the entangled region. It provides an experimentally efficient separability criterion of two‐qubit states. This criterion is also applied to several widely used states to characterize their entanglement.
Auxin is a multifunctional hormone essential for plant development and pattern formation. A nuclear auxin-signaling system controlling auxin-induced gene expression is well established, but ...cytoplasmic auxin signaling, as in its coordination of cell polarization, is unexplored. We found a cytoplasmic auxin-signaling mechanism that modulates the interdigitated growth of Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs), which develop interdigitated lobes and indentations to form a puzzle-piece shape in a two-dimensional plane. PC interdigitation is compromised in leaves deficient in either auxin biosynthesis or its export mediated by PINFORMED 1 localized at the lobe tip. Auxin coordinately activates two Rho GTPases, ROP2 and ROP6, which promote the formation of complementary lobes and indentations, respectively. Activation of these ROPs by auxin occurs within 30 s and depends on AUXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 1. These findings reveal Rho GTPase-based auxin-signaling mechanisms, which modulate the spatial coordination of cell expansion across a field of cells.
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► Auxin controls interdigitated pavement cell growth ► Auxin does so by coordinately activating two antagonistic GTPases, ROP2 and ROP6 ► The auxin signal is produced by its exporter PIN1 at the site of ROP2 activation ► The auxin signal is perceived by ABP1 acting upstream of both ROP2 and ROP6
Background
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which may arise from oral dysplasia, is one of the most prevalent cancers around the world. In recent years, all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has shown ...great potential in cancer treatment. However, the molecular mechanism for the anti‐tumor effects of ATRA remains unclear.
Materials and methods
After treated with ATRA, inhibition of cell proliferation of OSCC and oral dysplasia cell lines, CAL27 and DOK, respectively, was analyzed by a Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK8) assay. The cell cycle arrest, cell apoptosis induction, and PD‐L1 expression level were measured by flow cytometry. A small molecular inhibitor was utilized to block STAT3 pathway, and the related proteins expression was measured by Western Blot.
Results
The present study demonstrated that ATRA inhibited cell proliferation at 5‐75 μmol/L, arrested cell cycle at S and G2‐phase, induced apoptosis effect in OSCC, and oral dysplasia cell line, CAL27 and DOK, respectively. ATRA led to inhibition of p‐STAT3, p‐JAK2, increased the level of p‐ERK, and significantly decreased the PD‐L1 expression. Moreover, targeting STAT3 signaling increased (P < .001) the level of cleaved caspase‐3 and effectively (P < .001) decreased the expression of cyclin A2 and PD‐L1. The effect of ATRA on cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, and PD‐L1 expression decrease was significantly (P < .05) enhanced after the STAT3 signaling blockade.
Conclusion
These findings suggested that ATRA‐induced anti‐tumor effects and downregulated PD‐L1 expression via STAT3 signaling inhibition in both OSCC and oral dysplasia.
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