This paper evaluates a multiple and global analytical indicator of batch consistency in traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs)
via
a chemometrics tool, which is more comprehensive to ...appraise quality consistency of different batches of injections than the traditional method of fingerprint similarity. A commonly used TCMI,
Salviae miltiorrhizae
and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection (SLI), was employed as a model. With the aid of a chemometrics tool (principal component analysis, PCA), evaluation of multiple and global analytical indicators of batch consistency, which included saccharides, phenolic acids and inorganic salts (18 indicators in total), was carried out to appraise the quality consistency of 13 batches of injection provided by the Guizhou Baite Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Guizhou, China). Compared with the traditional HPLC-UV fingerprint similarity evaluation, the method proposed in the paper can more comprehensively and correctly reflect the quality consistency of different batches of injections. In this paper, the multi-index evaluation result showed poor batch consistency, which was more consistent with the determination results, while the fingerprint similarity evaluation results still showed good batch consistency. The HPLC-UV fingerprint reflects only substances with UV absorption, but it is not able to reflect substances without UV absorption or weak UV absorption, which leads to inappropriate conclusions. Therefore, quality consistency of injections can be effectively appraised by evaluation of multiple and global analytical indicators, instead of HPLC-UV fingerprint only. For visualizing the batch consistency of the multiple and global analytical indicators, a heat map was used to represent the fluctuation. Furthermore, critical indicator identification was also applied to select several indicators that should be paid more attention during the process of quality control of injection. And the analysis result showed that Na
+
, fructose (Fru), glucose (Glc), manninotriose (Man), danshensu (DSS) and salvianolic acid B (SAB) are the indicators that should be given more attention when controlling the quality of injections, also called critical quality control indicators. The proposed method provides a reference for the quality control of TCMIs and has broad application potential.
Evaluation of a multiple and global analytical indicator of batch consistency was employed in TCMIs with a multivariate statistical tool.
In this paper, a novel T-channel field effect transistor with three input terminals(Ti-TcFET) is proposed. The channel of a Ti-TcFET consists of horizontal and vertical sections. Thetop gate is above ...the horizontal channel, while the front gate and back gate are on either side of the vertical channel. The T-shaped channel structure increases the coupling area between the top gate and the front and back gates, which improves the ability of the gate electrodes to control the channel. What's more, it makes the top gate have almost the same control ability for the channel as the front gate and the back gate. This unique structure design brings a unique function in that the device is turned on only when two or three inputs are activated. Silvaco technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations are used to verify the current characteristics of the proposed Ti-TcFET. The current characteristics of the device are theoretically analyzed, and the results show that the theoretical analysis agrees with the TCAD simulation results. The proposed Ti-TcFET devices with three input terminals can be used to simplify the complex circuits in a compact style with reduced counts of transistors compared with the traditional complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor/ fin field-effect transistors (CMOS/FinFETs) with a single inputterminal and thus provides a new idea for future circuit designs.
Herbal medicines have played a vital role in maintaining the health of the world population in the past thousands of years, and have proved to be an effective therapy. It is important to improve our ...understanding of the effects of the multi-step processing in herbal medicines on the chemical changes to ensure product quality. A proton nuclear paramagnetic resonance (
1
H NMR)-based evaluation strategy was developed for an efficient process variation exploration and diversified metabolite identification. In this study, 48 process intermediates from 6 commercial batches of the multi-step manufacturing chain of Danshen processing were obtained. Hierarchical classification analysis (HCA) tree based on
1
H NMR spectra clustered the samples according to the processing steps, which indicates that
1
H NMR has the potential capability for critical control point identification based on its adequate information of the organic compounds. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to distinguish the major metabolite differences between the intermediates before and after the critical control point. In this case, the alkali-isolation and acid-dissolution method was recognized as the most critical process in the multi-step chain of Danshen extract manufacturing. Potential metabolites with the larger amplitude of variation and contributing the most to the discrimination were found to be potential quality markers by
S
-plot, including several previously undetected amino acids. The results in this study are consistent with previous research studies and reference experiments conducted with other analytical tools. Taken together, they prove that
1
H NMR with chemometrics is a very effective process quality control tool to provide comprehensive information on the chemical changes during the processing of herbal medicines, and help with the identification of critical control points and potential critical quality markers.
NMR and chemometric-based critical control point and chemical marker identification for the multi-step process control of herbal medicines.
To explore the molecular mechanism of the formulae for calming the liver and suppressing YANG in migraine rat model with syndrome of hyperactivity of the liver-YANG.
A rat model of migraine with ...hyperactivity of liver-YANG was established through electrical trigeminal ganglion stimulation and syndrome of oral administration of Fuzi decoction. The total proteins of the lymphocyte in the rats were separated by immobilized pH gradient-based 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and the 2-DE image was analyzed by PDQuest 7.0 software. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and the SWISS-PORT and MSDB database were used to identify differential proteins.
The formulae for calming the liver and suppressing YANG could also improve headache. Well-resolution and reproducible 2-DE patterns of rat lymphocyte from normal, model, and therapy tissues were obtained. Eleven of the total 13 differential protein spots were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. These pr
In unsupervised person Re-ID, peer-teaching strategy leveraging two networks to facilitate training has been proven to be an effective method to deal with the pseudo label noise. However, training ...two networks with a set of noisy pseudo labels reduces the complementarity of the two networks and results in label noise accumulation. To handle this issue, this paper proposes a novel Dual Clustering Co-teaching (DCCT) approach. DCCT mainly exploits the features extracted by two networks to generate two sets of pseudo labels separately by clustering with different parameters. Each network is trained with the pseudo labels generated by its peer network, which can increase the complementarity of the two networks to reduce the impact of noises. Furthermore, we propose dual clustering with dynamic parameters (DCDP) to make the network adaptive and robust to dynamically changing clustering parameters. Moreover, Consistent Sample Mining (CSM) is proposed to find the samples with unchanged pseudo labels during training for potential noisy sample removal. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised person Re-ID methods by a considerable margin and surpasses most methods utilizing camera information.
Oxygen free radical damage is regarded as a direct or indirect common pathway associated with diabetic neuropathy and is the main cause of complications in peripheral neuropathies. We speculate that ...Jiaweibugan decoction has a significant effect in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy through an anti-oxidative stress pathway. In this study, a diabetic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rats were treated with Jiaweibugan decoction via intragastric administration. The levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione, which are indirect indexes of oxidative stress, in serum were determined using a colorimetric method. The expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B p65 mRNA and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which are oxidative stress associated factors, in the dorsal root ganglion of spinal $4-6 segments were evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results showed that, Jiaweibugan decoction significantly ameliorated motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats, effectively decreased malondialdehyde levels in serum and the expression of nuclear factor kappa B p65 mRNA and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mRNA in the dorsa root ganglion, and increased glutathione levels in serum. Therefore, our experimental findings indicate that Jiaweibugan decoction plays an anti-oxidative stress role in the diabetic peripheral neuropathy process, which has a protective effect on peripheral nerve injury.
The efficacy of ginsenoside treatment on cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has yet to be investigated. In this protocal, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the ...effect of ginsenosides on cognitive deficits in experimental rodent AD models.
We identified eligible studies by searching seven electronic databases spanning from January 1980 to October 2014. We assessed the study quality, evaluated the efficacy of ginsenoside treatment, and performed a stratified meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis to assess the influence of the study design on ginsenoside efficacy.
Twelve studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria from a total of 283 publications. The overall methodological quality of these studies was poor. The meta-analysis revealed that ginsenosides have a statistically significant positive effect on cognitive performance in experimental AD models. The stratified analysis revealed that ginsenoside Rg1 had the greatest effect on acquisition and retention memory in AD models. The effect size was significantly higher for both acquisition and retention memory in studies that used female animals compared with male animals.
We conclude that ginsenosides might reduce cognitive deficits in AD models. However, additional well-designed and well-reported animal studies are needed to inform further clinical investigations.
The efficacy of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) treatment on cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been investigated. Therefore, we ...systematically reviewed the effect of TSG on cognitive deficits in a rodent model of AD.
We identified eligible studies published from January 1980 to April 2015 by searching seven electronic databases. We assessed the study quality, evaluated the efficacy of TSG treatment, and performed a stratified meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis to assess the influence of study design on TSG efficacy.
Among a total of 381 publications, 18 fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The overall methodological quality of these studies was poor. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant benefit of TSG on acquisition memory (standardized mean difference SMD = -1.46 (95 % CI: -1.81 to -1.10, P < 0.0001) and retention memory (SMD =1.93 (95 % CI: 1.40 to 2.46, P < 0.0001) in experimental models of AD. The stratified analysis revealed a significantly higher effect size for both acquisition and retention memory in studies that used mixed sex models and a significantly higher effect size for acquisition memory in studies that used transgenic models.
Our meta-analysis highlights a significantly better treatment effect in rodent AD models that received TSG that in those that did not. These findings indicate a potential therapeutic role of TSG in AD therapy. However, additional well-designed and detailed experimental studies are needed to evaluate the safety of TSG.
Background The efficacy of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (TSG) treatment on cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been investigated. ...Therefore, we systematically reviewed the effect of TSG on cognitive deficits in a rodent model of AD. Methods We identified eligible studies published from January 1980 to April 2015 by searching seven electronic databases. We assessed the study quality, evaluated the efficacy of TSG treatment, and performed a stratified meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis to assess the influence of study design on TSG efficacy. Results Among a total of 381 publications, 18 fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The overall methodological quality of these studies was poor. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant benefit of TSG on acquisition memory (standardized mean difference SMD = -1.46 (95 % CI: -1.81 to -1.10, P < 0.0001) and retention memory (SMD =1.93 (95 % CI: 1.40 to 2.46, P < 0.0001) in experimental models of AD. The stratified analysis revealed a significantly higher effect size for both acquisition and retention memory in studies that used mixed sex models and a significantly higher effect size for acquisition memory in studies that used transgenic models. Conclusions Our meta-analysis highlights a significantly better treatment effect in rodent AD models that received TSG that in those that did not. These findings indicate a potential therapeutic role of TSG in AD therapy. However, additional well-designed and detailed experimental studies are needed to evaluate the safety of TSG. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Cognitive deficits, Systematic review, 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
The levels of plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were determined by HPLC in 220 patients with various TCM liver syndromes, and in 96 healthy subjects as controls. The plasma NE and E ...contents were higher in patients with liver excess syndromes, including Ganqi Yujie (GQYJ symbol: see text) syndrome, Ganyang Shangkang (GYSK symbol: see text) syndrome, Ganhuo Shangyan (GHSY symbol: see text) syndrome, and Ganyang Huafeng (GYHF symbol: see text) syndrome; while they were lower in patients with liver deficiency syndromes, including Ganqixu (GQX symbol: see text) syndrome, Ganxuexu (GXX symbol: see text) syndrome, and Ganyinxu (GYX symbol: see text) syndrome. Futhermore, when Ganshen Yinxu (GSYX symbol: see text) syndrome was turned into GYSK and then into GYHF, the plasma NE and E contents increased in order of precedence; while when GQYJ was turned into Ganyu Pixu (GYPX symbol: see text) syndrome, both NE and E contents decreased. The results suggest that the plasma NE and E contents are reliable objective parameters for the study of pathophysiological basis of the liver excess and liver deficiency syndromes, and the liver-kidney and liver-spleen interrelated syndromes.
PDF
