Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were successfully isolated from agro-industrial waste (cornstalk, corn flesh, and corncob) by subjecting the raw materials to organosolv and peroxide treatment, followed ...by ultrasonication. A detailed comparative study was performed. Characterization results showed that the CNFs from cornstalk (CS) exhibited higher yield and lignin content (20.81%), compared with CNFs from corn flesh (CF) and corncob (CC). The CNFs from CF and CC exhibited similar morphology, particle size, crystallinity, and thermal stability but showed improved ultraviolet blocking ability and optical transparency relative to those of CS. The CNFs from CF showed higher dispersion stability and mechanical properties than those from CS and CC. Peroxide treatment negatively influenced crystallinity and thermal stability, but exerted no apparent effect on optical transparency and mechanical strength. Thus, this study demonstrates that agro-industrial wastes are sustainable resources for CNF production, which can potentially have a wide range of value-added applications. Ionic liquid-aided solvothermal treatment followed by ultrasonication is a facile and ideal method to produce CNFs with ultraviolet blocking ability.
We investigated the stain of fast-growing wood (
Cunninghamia lanceolate
,
CL
;
Paulownia
,
PT
) inoculated with three fungi (
Arthrinium phaeospermum
,
AP
;
Vibrio anguillarum
,
VA
;
Aspergillacea
,
...AS
) to explore the new wood dyeing ways and the better combination of wood and fungi for dyeing. Only
AP
could dye on
CL
and
PT
. Especially for
CL
, its percentage of internal spalting, percentage of external spalting and dyeing depth were the highest (48%, 15% and 5.06 mm, respectively). Surprisingly, the bigger weight loss occurs on
PT
. The results showed that the dyeing effect of
AP
dyeing
CL
was the best, and the wood color change was obviously (Orange to dark red).
AP
could produce more pigments than the other two fungi (
VA
;
AS
),
CL
was more suitable for fungus staining than
PT
, indicating that
AP
could offered a new potential market and a chance for areas to earning higher income for
CL
. This research paves the way for improving color change was obviously (Orange to dark red).
AP
could produce more pigments than the other two fungi (
VA
;
AS
),
CL
was more suitable for fungus staining than
PT
, indicating that
AP
could offer a new potential market and a chance for areas to earn higher income for
CL
.
Highlights
3D printable functional inks incorporated with graphene and carbon nanotube nanoparticles were well-formulated by manipulating their rheological performance
The frame with ultralight ...structure (0.076 g cm
−3
) and high-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding (61.4 dB) was assembled
3D-printed c-SE module was in situ integrated onto the electronics, affording multiple functions of electromagnetic compatibility and thermal dissipation.
Electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI SE) modules are the core component of modern electronics. However, the traditional metal-based SE modules always take up indispensable three-dimensional space inside electronics, posing a major obstacle to the integration of electronics. The innovation of integrating 3D-printed conformal shielding (c-SE) modules with packaging materials onto core electronics offers infinite possibilities to satisfy ideal SE function without occupying additional space. Herein, the 3D printable carbon-based inks with various proportions of graphene and carbon nanotube nanoparticles are well-formulated by manipulating their rheological peculiarity. Accordingly, the free-constructed architectures with arbitrarily-customized structure and multifunctionality are created via 3D printing. In particular, the SE performance of 3D-printed frame is up to 61.4 dB, simultaneously accompanied with an ultralight architecture of 0.076 g cm
−3
and a superhigh specific shielding of 802.4 dB cm
3
g
−1
. Moreover, as a proof-of-concept, the 3D-printed c-SE module is
in situ
integrated into core electronics, successfully replacing the traditional metal-based module to afford multiple functions for electromagnetic compatibility and thermal dissipation. Thus, this scientific innovation completely makes up the blank for assembling carbon-based c-SE modules and sheds a brilliant light on developing the next generation of high-performance shielding materials with arbitrarily-customized structure for integrated electronics.
Transparent wood has potential application in intelligent building, solar cell, electronics, and other advanced materials, while its single functionability hinders its further development. Flexible ...transparent wood (FTW) was prepared by alkaline pretreatment and bleaching treatment of paulownia wood followed by impregnation of epoxy resin and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EDGE). The effect of delignification degree on the optical and mechanical properties of FTW was studied, and the influence of the epoxy/EDGE ratio on the flexibility and mechanical properties of FTW was also investigated. The results showed that higher delignification degree resulted in higher transmittance of FTW. More EDGE addition led to better flexibility of FTW, while overmuch addition of EDGE will reduce the mechanical properties. The optimal FTW sample resulted in a high transmittance of 89% and an ultrahigh haze value of 97% with outstanding flexibility and excellent mechanical properties. The investigation of FTW broadens the research field of transparent wood, and provides great possibility for its application in flexible wearable devices and flexible materials.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were successfully extracted from wood flour via atwo-step process involving acidic ionic liquid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment and ultrasonic disintegration. ...Acomprehensive study was performed on the yield, morphology, crystallinity, chemical structure, and thermal stability of CNFs, as well as the mechanical properties and transparency of nanofilms. The results showed that 87.06% of the total lignin and 93.78% of hemicellulose were fractionated from lignocellulose after solvothermal pretreatment using 1, 4-butylene glycol. The isolated CNF maintained the type Icrystal lattice of native cellulose. Overall, the CNFs obtained after ultrasonication displayed asimilar morphology and crystallinity, but they had ahigher yield (41.82%), better thermal stability, and film-forming properties than those produced by concentrated acid hydrolysis. Solvothermal treatment using 1,4-butylene glycol alcohol/water followed by ultrasonication is an ideal alternative CNF production method with alow environmental impact.
•Choline acetate can dissolve hemicellulose and lignin in bagasse and pine.•Cellulose pulp is not dissolved during the dissolution of the other biopolymers.•The dissolved hemicellulose and lignin can ...be recovered after the dissolution.•The obtained pulp can be rapidly dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate.
Treating ground bagasse or Southern yellow pine in the biodegradable ionic liquid (IL), choline acetate (ChoOAc), at 100°C for 24h led to dissolution of hemicellulose and lignin, while leaving the cellulose pulp undissolved, with a 54.3% (bagasse) or 34.3% (pine) reduction in lignin content. The IL solution of the dissolved biopolymers can be separated from the undissolved particles either by addition of water (20wt% of IL) followed by filtration or by centrifugation. Hemicellulose (19.0wt% of original bagasse, 10.2wt% of original pine, containing 14–18wt% lignin) and lignin (5.0wt% of original bagasse, 6.0wt% of original pine) could be subsequently precipitated. The pulp obtained from ChoOAc treatment can be rapidly dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (e.g., 17h for raw bagasse vs. 7h for pulp), and precipitated as cellulose-rich material (CRM) with a lower lignin content (e.g., 23.6% for raw bagasse vs. 10.6% for CRM).
With the continuous development of energy storage devices towards sustainability and versatility, the development of biomass-based multi-functional energy storage devices has become one of the ...important directions. In this study, a symmetric dual-function supercapacitor was constructed based on a cellulose network/polyacrylamide/polyaniline (CPP) composite hydrogel. The presented supercapacitor, with excellent electrochemical performance and an areal capacitance of 1.73 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s, an energy density of 0.62 µW h/cm2 at a power density of 7.03 µW/cm2, a wide electrochemical window of 1.6 V and a promising cycling stability, can be achieved. The transmittance of the supercapacitor at 500 nm decreased by 9.6% after the electrification at 3 V, and the device can exhibit periodic transmittance change under the square potential input between 0.0 V and 3.0 V at regular intervals of 10 s. The present construction strategy provides a basis for the preparation of multifunctional devices with natural renewable materials and structures.
Highly conductive cellulose network/polyaniline (PANI) composites are successfully formed using chemical fractionation of solid wood followed by in situ polymerization of aniline monomers in the ...purified wood. The increased porosity of the wood caused by the fractionation process enables the uniform deposition of PANI particles in the microstructure of the material, resulting in a high electrical conductivity of up to 36.79 S cm−1, and a high weight gain rate of up to 143%. The interaction between PANI and the cellulose microfibril network leads to a decreased crystallinity of the composites. The electrode prepared from the cellulose network/PANI composites exhibits promising gravimetric specific capacitances of up to 218.75 F g−1 and areal specific capacitances of up to 0.41 F cm−2, and it can be assembled into all‐solid‐state supercapacitors with favorable energy storage performance, which may be attributed to the larger surface area, higher PANI content of the electrode, and the positive effect of the cellular structure of the cellulose network on electron transport. The present process can preserve the naturally hierarchical structure of wood and impart a promising conductivity to the composites, and it provides a promising way to produce hierarchical biomass‐based electronic materials for high‐performance storage field.
Cellulose network/polyaniline composites possessing hierarchical porous nanostructure of wood exhibits high conductivity and promising specific capacitance when used as electrode materials. The natural structure of the cellulose network provides an extremely wide space for its performance improvement, and it can be used as a platform for the development of sustainable high‐performance electrode materials.
The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) reinforced fast-growing poplar glulam was investigated and predicted in this study. Firstly, MOE of FRP reinforced glulam with ...different FRP lengths were measured by longitudinal vibration and static bending tests and the effect of FRP length on MOE was investigated. Secondly, MOE of FRP globally reinforced (GR) poplar glulam and non-reinforced (NR) poplar glulam was predicted by improved transformed section method based on dynamic MOE of poplar laminas. At last, the deflection curve equation of FRP locally reinforced (LR) poplar glulam was obtained by singularity function method. Then MOE was predicted based on deflection curve equation of LR glulam. The results indicated that the reinforced effect of FRP on MOE of reinforced glulam increased as the FRP length increased. The predicted MOE had a good agreement with measured static MOE of glulam, and the accuracy of MOE prediction of LR glulam decreased as the FRP length decreased.
Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) preparation in an integrated fractionation manner is expected to solve the problems of low yield and environmental impact in the traditional process. An integrated ...fractionation strategy for NCC production from wood was developed through catalytic biomass fractionation, the partial dissolution of cellulose-rich materials (CRMs) in aqueous tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide, and short-term ultrasonication. The presented process could tolerate a high CRM lignin content of 21.2 wt % and provide a high NCC yield of 76.6 wt % (34.3 wt % of the original biomass). The increase in the CRM lignin content decreased the NCC yield, facilitated the crystal transition of NCC from cellulose I to cellulose II, and showed no apparent effects on the NCC morphology. A partial/selective dissolution mechanism is proposed for the presented strategy. This study provided a promising efficient fractionation-based method toward comprehensive and high-value utilization of lignocellulosic biomass through effective delignification and high-yield NCC production.
Display omitted
•A bleaching-free, lignin-tolerant strategy for high-yield NCC production was used•The strategy combined wood fractionation with partial dissolution of cellulose•The process can tolerate a lignin content of 21.2 wt % in cellulose-rich materials•The process provided a high NCC yield of 76.6 wt %, which was 34.3 wt % of wood
Chemical engineering; Biological sciences; Biotechnology; Biomass; Materials science; Biomaterials
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