Transparent magneto‐optical Ho2O3 ceramics were successfully prepared with an in‐line transmittance of ~73% at the wavelength of 1000 nm (~90% of the theoretical transmittance of Ho2O3 single ...crystal) and an average grain size of ~28 μm. The ceramics were fabricated using sulfate‐exchanged nitrate‐type layered rare‐earth hydroxide as the precipitation precursor at a relatively low sintering temperature of 1700°C. The layered compound exhibited nanosheet morphology and fully collapsed into a round oxide powder with an average particle size of ~48 nm by pyrolysis. Calcination temperature for Ho2O3 powder significantly affected the optical quality of the sintered body and the optimum calcination temperature was found to be 1050°C. The transparent magneto‐optical Ho2O3 ceramics displayed wavelength‐dependent Verdet constants of −180, −46, and −20 rad/Tm at 632, 1064, and 1550 nm, respectively. Thus, the Ho2O3 ceramics show good potential for applications in high‐power laser systems.
Numbers on branches indicate bootstrap percentages for 1000 replicates. (b) Subcellular localization of MtDMP8-RFP and MtDMP9-RFP proteins in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts; pm-GFP was used as a plasma ...membrane marker. Consistent with this prediction, both proteins colocalized with the PIP2A (At3g53420)-based plasma membrane marker pm-GFP (Zhu et al., 2020) when MtDMP8 and MtDMP9 were transiently expressed as red fluorescent protein (RFP) fusions in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts (Figure 1b). The haploid plants were morphologically similar to the female parent A17 (Figure 1k). ...the simultaneous inactivation of MtDMP8 and MtDMP9 can trigger in vivo maternal haploid induction in M. truncatula.
KEY MESSAGE : EaCHS1 functions in the tolerance of plantlets to salinity stress by maintaining ROS homeostasis. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. ...Expression of CHS is governed by a wide range of environmental stimuli, including UV light, pathogen attack, and circadian clocks. However, little research exists on the relationship between CHS and salinity stress. In this work, we constructed separate overexpression and RNA interference vectors of EaCHS1, and transferred them into tobacco. Overexpression of EaCHS1 increased the production of downstream flavonoids and the expressions of related genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway. It also improved resistance to salinity stress during seed germination and root development. In contrast, heterologous silencing of endogenous CHS in tobacco by a conserved EaCHS1 fragment had opposite effect. Together, our results indicated that changing the expression level of EaCHS1 in plants alters the accumulation of flavonoids and regulates plantlet tolerance to salinity stress by maintaining ROS homeostasis.
College English is a very flexible and important subject that needs to be constantly innovated. For the shortcomings of traditional teaching methods, this paper constructs a teaching behavior tree ...based on reinforcement learning. By analyzing the direction of the behavior tree, using the path planning algorithm to propose better teaching strategies, combined with the
learning algorithm, the teaching theme and the environment of the information are timely updated in the
value table to update the teaching behavior selection strategy, and ultimately obtain the teaching behavior tree. The reinforcement learning algorithm based on
-function interacts with the environment to directly train the method of generating the behavior tree to check whether the teaching behavior tree reaches the optimal standard. Combine reinforcement deep learning with English teaching to introduce a new approach to teaching English. The results show that on the diversified evaluation behavior, teachers of 985 colleges scored significantly higher than teachers of 211 colleges, with a score of 3.05 for teachers of 985 colleges and 2.68 for teachers of 211 colleges. Among the two teaching factors, the F-value of the diversified evaluation is 4.601, and the F-value of the personalized teaching is 3.596, which indicates that both of them have a greater influence on the students and they are able to improve the English proficiency of the students. This study provides a new reference direction for college English teaching, which can effectively improve students’ practical skills.
The original ‘Green Revolution’ genes are associated with gibberellin deficiency. However, in some species, mutations in these genes cause pleiotropic phenotypes, preventing their application in ...dwarf breeding. The development of novel genotypes with reduced plant height will resolve this problem. In a previous study, we obtained two dwarf lines, L28 and L30, by introducing the Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) Cheng f. C-repeat-binding factor 1 (AmCBF1) into the upland cotton variety R15. We found that Gossypium hirsutum Tubulin beta-1 (GhTUBB1) was downregulated in L28 and L30, which suggested that this gene may have contributed to the dwarf phenotype of L28 and L30. Here, we tested this hypothesis by silencing GhTUBB1 expression in R15 and found that decreased expression resulted in a dwarf phenotype. Interestingly, we found that repressing AmCBF1 expression in L28 and L30 partly recovered the expression of GhTUBB1. Thus, AmCBF1 expression presented a negative relationship with GhTUBB1 expression in L28 and L30. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays suggest that AmCBF1 negatively regulates GhTUBB1 expression by directly binding to C-repeat/dehydration-responsive (CRT/DRE) elements in the GhTUBB1 promoter, potentially explaining the dwarf phenotypes of L28 and L30. This study elucidates the regulation of GhTUBB1 expression by AmCBF1 and suggests that GhTUBB1 may be a new target gene for breeding dwarf and compact cultivars.
There is a high rate of recurrent hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis (HTG-RAP) and risk of developing into chronic pancreatitis among recurrent hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis. The key ...to avoiding recurrence is home-based self-management. However, self-management has proven to be difficult. Exploring experiences and perceptions of home-based self-management among patients with HTG-RAP could inform intervention development and policy making in primary care. To explore experiences and perceptions of home-based self-management among patients with HTG-RAP. This is primarily a qualitative study involving patients from eastern China. The study was designed using semi-structured interviews combined with open interviews among individuals and focus groups. Interviews with patients (n = 25) and relatives (n = 2) were conducted from October to December, 2021. Data were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Five themes were identified: (1) pity, (2) sense of uncertainty, (3) contradiction, (4) the way to cope, and (5) benefits. The themes constituted a continuous process where a final coping strategy was confirmed. Patients expressed sorrow, struggle, pity, adaptation, and benefits. The disease still bothered them without attack, both mentally and physically. These key points deserve considerable attention to improve the quality of life of patients and lifestyle modification. Patients with pancreatitis were more likely to manage the disease but under a tough process, and during the struggle, they experienced a continuous and contradictory period. Ultimately, the final condition was reached.
Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) play a critical regulatory role in many plant disease resistance pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms of cotton HSFs involved in resistance to the ...soil-borne fungus
are limited. In our previous study, we identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the transcriptome and metabolome of
-inoculated
. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized
, which is a DEG belonging to HSFs and related to cotton immunity to
. Subsequently, the phylogenetic tree of the type two of the HSFB subfamily in different species was divided into two subgroups:
and strawberry, which have the closest evolutionary relationship to cotton. We performed promoter cis-element analysis and showed that the defense-reaction-associated cis-acting element-FC-rich motif may be involved in the plant response to
in cotton. The expression pattern analysis of
displayed that it is transcriptional in roots, stems, and leaves and significantly higher at 12 h post-inoculation (hpi). Subcellular localization of GhHSFB2a was observed, and the results showed localization to the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) analysis exhibited that
silencing increased the disease index and fungal biomass and attenuated resistance against
. Transcriptome sequencing of wild-type and
-silenced plants, followed by Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, protein-protein interaction, and validation of marker genes revealed that ABA, ethylene, linoleic acid, and phenylpropanoid pathways are involved in GhHSFB2a-mediated plant disease resistance. Ectopic overexpression of the
gene in
showed a significant increase in the disease resistance. Cumulatively, our results suggest that
is required for the cotton immune response against
-mediated ABA, ethylene, linoleic acid, and phenylpropanoid pathways, indicating its potential role in the molecular design breeding of plants.
Cotton production faces challenges in fluctuating environmental conditions due to limited genetic variation in cultivated cotton species. To enhance the genetic diversity crucial for this primary ...fiber crop, it is essential to augment current germplasm resources. High-throughput sequencing has significantly impacted cotton functional genomics, enabling the creation of diverse mutant libraries and the identification of mutant functional genes and new germplasm resources. Artificial mutation, established through physical or chemical methods, stands as a highly efficient strategy to enrich cotton germplasm resources, yielding stable and high-quality raw materials. In this paper, we discuss the good foundation laid by high-throughput sequencing of cotton genome for mutant identification and functional genome, and focus on the construction methods of mutant libraries and diverse sequencing strategies based on mutants. In addition, the important functional genes identified by the cotton mutant library have greatly enriched the germplasm resources and promoted the development of functional genomes. Finally, an innovative strategy for constructing a cotton CRISPR mutant library was proposed, and the possibility of high-throughput screening of cotton mutants based on a UAV phenotyping platform was discussed. The aim of this review was to expand cotton germplasm resources, mine functional genes, and develop adaptable materials in a variety of complex environments.
Cohesin is a ring-shaped protein complex and plays a critical role in sister chromosome cohesion, which is a key event during mitosis and meiosis. Meiotic recombination protein REC8 is one of the ...subunits of the cohesion complex. Although
genes have been characterized in some plant species, little is known about them in
. In this study, 89
genes were identified and analyzed in 16 plant species (including 4
species); 12
genes were identified in
, 11 in
, 7 in
and 5 in
. In a phylogenetic analysis, the 89
genes clustered into 6 subfamilies (I-VI). The chromosome location, exon-intron structure, and motifs of the
genes in the
species were also analyzed. Expression patterns of
genes in various tissues and under abiotic stress treatments were analyzed based on public RNA-seq data, which indicated that
genes might have different functions in growth and development. Additionally, qRT-PCR analysis showed that MeJA, GA, SA, and ABA treatments could induce the expression of
genes. In general, the genes of the
gene family of cotton were systematically analyzed, and their potential function in cotton mitosis, meiosis, and in response to abiotic stress and hormones were preliminary predicted, which provided an important basis for further research on cotton development and resistance to abiotic stress.
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete chitin deacetylase (CDA) to escape the host's immunological defense during infection. Here, we showed that the deacetylation activity of CDA toward chitin is essential ...for fungal virulence. Five crystal structures of two representative and phylogenetically distant phytopathogenic fungal CDAs, VdPDA1 from Verticillium dahliae and Pst_13661 from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, were obtained in ligand-free and inhibitor-bound forms. These structures suggested that both CDAs have an identical substrate-binding pocket and an Asp-His-His triad for coordinating a transition metal ion. Based on the structural identities, four compounds with a benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) moiety were obtained as phytopathogenic fungal CDA inhibitors. BHA exhibited high effectiveness in attenuating fungal diseases in wheat, soybean, and cotton. Our findings revealed that phytopathogenic fungal CDAs share common structural features, and provided BHA as a lead compound for the design of CDA inhibitors aimed at attenuating crop fungal diseases.
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