This study was conducted to assess the pollutant uptake capability of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) in terms of bioaccumulation, enrichment, and translocation of heavy metals grown in sugar ...mill effluent. Results showed that the maximum fresh weight (328.48 ± 2.04 gm kg
), total chlorophyll content (2.13 ± 2.03 mg g
fwt), and relative growth rate, RGR (11.89 gg
d
) of P. stratiotes were observed at 75% concentration of the sugar mill effluent after 60 days of phytoremediation experiment. The bioaccumulation factor (B
) of different heavy metals was greater than 1 with 50% and 75% concentrations of sugar mill effluent and this indicated that P. stratiotes was hyperaccumulator or phytoremediator of these metals. The enrichment factor (E
< 2 for Cu, Fe, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Mn) and (E
> 2 for Cd) indicated that P. stratiotes mineral enrichment deficient and it moderately enriched the different heavy metals. Moreover, translocation factor (T
) was less than 1 which indicated the low mobility of metals in different parts (root and leaves) of P. stratiotes after phytoremediation. Therefore, P. stratiotes can be used for phytotreatment of sugar mill effluent up to 50% to 75% concentrations and considered as hyperaccumulator aquatic plant for different heavy metals and other pollutants from the contaminated effluents.
Potential of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was experimentally investigated for phycoremediation and dye removal from textile wastewater (TWW) in batch cultures. Growth of alga was observed at various ...concentration of textile wastewater (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and was found in a range of 8.1–14 μg ml−1 day−1. Growth study revealed that alga potentially grows up to 75% concentrated textile wastewater and reduces phosphate, nitrate and BOD by 87%, 82% and 63% respectively. Methylene blue dye (MB) removal was also observed by using dry and wet algal biomass harvested after phycoremediation. Adsorption isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) and kinetic models (pseudo first and second order) were applied on adsorption process. Dry algal biomass (DAB) was found more efficient biosorbent with large surface area and showed high binding affinity for MB dye in compare to wet algal biomass (WAB). The RL value for both biosorbent showed feasible adsorption process as the obtained value was between 0 and 1. Pseudo second order kinetic model with high degree of correlation coefficient and low sum of error squares (SSE %) value was found more suitable for representation of adsorption process in case of both biosorbents, however pseudo first order also showed high degree of correlation for both biosorbents.
•Textile wastewater has significant nutrient availability for algal growth.•Remarkable reduction in Nitrate (63%), Phosphate (82%) and BOD (82%) is achieved.•Adsorption capacity of dry algal biomass is high due to large surface area.•Kinetic data were well described by pseudo second order model.•Dye bound algal biomass can be reused for biofuel production.
The present study on accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables viz.
Beta vulgaris
,
Phaseolus vulgaris
,
Spinacea oleracea
, and
Brassica oleracea
var.
botrytis
grown in the wastewater-irrigated ...soil near the Bindal river, Dehradun, has shown the maximum accumulation of metals for Pb (196.91 ± 8.13 mg/kg), Cu (36.75 ± 6.19 mg/kg), Zn (305.54 ± 14.30 mg/kg), Ni (125.48 ± 5.97 mg/kg), Cd (29.58 ± 4.26 mg/kg), and Cr (93.06 ± 3.25 mg/kg) in agricultural soil irrigated with wastewater. The enrichment factor of soil was maximum for Cr (8.74) and minimum for Cu (0.88). In case of vegetables, the concentrations of heavy metals were maximum for Pb (86.69 ± 6.69) in the flower of
B. oleracea
var.
botrytis
, Cu (33.49 ± 2.09) and Zn (161.86 ± 17.79) in the leaves of
S. oleracea
, Ni (80.72 ± 8.40) and Cd (23.19 ± 2.76), and Cr (57.18 ± 8.16) in the root of
B. vulgaris
grown in wastewater (WW)-irrigated soil. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for Cu (0.911) was maximum in
S. oleracea
and minimum for Pb (0.440) in
B. vulgaris.
The maximum daily intake of metals was found for Zn (0.059) in
S. oleracea
and minimum for Cd (0.008) in
B. vulgaris
. The human health risk index was found to be more than 1 for Pb and Cd. The long-term wastewater irrigation resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables which may cause potential health risks to consumers as these vegetables are sold in local markets of Dehradun city.
The assessment of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in sewage sludge–amended soil was investigated. The results revealed that sewage sludge significantly (P < 0.01) increased the ...nutrients and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the soil. The contents of metals were found to be below the maximum levels permitted for soils in India. The most agronomic performance and biochemical components of S. oleracea were found at 50% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn in S. oleracea were increased from 5% to 100% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The order of contamination factor (Cf) of different heavy metals was Mn > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu for soil and Cr > Cd > Mn > Zn > Cu for S. oleracea plants after application of sewage sludge. Therefore, use of sewage sludge increased concentrations of heavy metals in soil and S. oleracea .
Phytoremediation experiments were carried out to assess the phytoremediation potential of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) using municipal wastewater collected from the activated sludge process- (ASP) ...based municipal wastewater treatment plant. The results revealed that T. natans significantly (P ≤ .05/P ≤ .01/P ≤ .001) reduced the contents of total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD
5
), chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphate (
), sodium (Na
+
), potassium (K
+
), calcium (Ca
2+
), magnesium (Mg
2+
), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), standard plate count, and most probable number of the municipal wastewater after phytoremediation experiments. The maximum removal of these parameters was obtained at 60 days of the phytoremediation experiments, but the removal rate of these parameters was gradually increased from 15 to 45 days and it was slightly decreased at 60 days. Most contents of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were translocated in the leaves of T. natans, whereas most contents of Cr and Pb were accumulated in the root of T. natans after phytoremediation experiments. The contents of different biochemical components were recorded in the order of total sugar > crude protein > total ash > crude fiber > total fat in T. natans after phytoremediation of municipal wastewater. Therefore, T. natans was found to be effective for the removal of different parameters of municipal wastewater and can be used effectively to reduce the pollution load of municipal wastewater drained from the ASP-based treatment plants.
BACKGROUND Poor treatment adherence is common in cystic fibrosis (CF) and may lead to worse health outcomes and greater health-care use. This study evaluated associations of adherence to pulmonary ...medications, age, health-care use, and cost among patients with CF. METHODS Patients with CF aged ≥ 6 years were identified in a national commercial claims database. A 12-month medication possession ratio (MPR) was computed for each pulmonary medication and then averaged for a composite MPR (CMPR) for each patient. The CMPR was categorized as low (< 0.50), moderate (0.50-0.80), or high (≥ 0.80). Annual health-care use and costs were measured during the first and second year and compared across adherence categories by multivariable modeling. RESULTS Mean CMPR for the sample (N = 3,287) was 48% ± 31%. Age was inversely related to CMPR. In the concurrent year, more CF-related hospitalizations were observed among patients with low (event rate ratio ERR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.15-1.57) and moderate (ERR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.48) vs high adherence; similar associations were observed for all-cause hospitalizations and CF-related and all-cause acute care use (hospitalizations + ED) in the concurrent and subsequent year. Rates of CF-related and all-cause outpatient visits did not differ by adherence. Low and moderate adherence predicted higher concurrent health-care costs by $14,211 ($5,557-$24,371) and $8,493 (−$1,691 to $19,709), respectively, compared with high adherence. CONCLUSIONS Worse adherence to pulmonary medications was associated with higher acute health-care use in a national, privately insured cohort of patients with CF. Addressing adherence may reduce avoidable health-care use.
Laboratory experiments were carried out to assess the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms) for the removal of different parameters of the paper mill ...effluent. The maximum removal efficiency of E. crassipes and phytokinetic removal rate were recorded at 50% concentration of the paper mill effluent followed by 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. The most percent reduction was observed in the contents of electrical conductivity (EC; 62.23%), total dissolved solid (TDS; 72.54%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD; 79.93%), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 85.66%), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN; 89.27%), P (72.39%), Ca
2+
(51.79%), Mg
2+
(51.02%), Na
+
(57.10%) and K
+
(71.47%) and phytokinetic removal rate in the subjects of EC (0.00011 mg l
−1
d
−1
), TDS (0.045 mg l
−1
d
−1
), BOD (0.0314 mg l
−1
d
−1
), COD (0.0461 mg l
−1
d
−1
), TKN (0.0034 mg l
−1
d
−1
), P (0.0050 mg l
−1
d
−1
), Ca
2+
(0.0045 mg l
−1
d
−1
), Mg
2+
(0.003 mg l
−1
d
−1
), Na
+
(0.004 mg l
−1
d
−1
) and K
+
(0.004 mg l
−1
d
−1
) after phytoremediation at 60 days. The maximum plant height (120.73 cm), fresh plant biomass (383.54 ± 0.15 gkg
−1
) and total chlorophyll content (3.74 ± 0.05 mgg
−1
fwt), crude protein (19.11 mg 100 g
−1
fwt), crude fiber (29.92 mg 100 g
−1
fwt), total carbohydrate (35.22 mg 100 g
−1
fwt) and total ash (26.88 mg 100 g
−1
fwt) of E. crassipes were observed with 50% concentration of the paper mill effluent at 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. The maximum relative growth rate (13.86 gg
−1
d
−1
) of E. crassipes was detected with 50% concentration of paper mill effluent at 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. Therefore, E. crassipes was recorded to be feasible for the removal of different pollutants of paper mill effluent, responsible for the eutrophication of the aquatic resources.
In recent years, various environmental issues have aroused a concern on the pollution of pesticides in rivers and in their various intercompartments. Multiple residues of pesticides discharged from ...industries or as a result of extensive use of agrochemicals in agriculture have been monitored. These pesticide residues contaminate the river ecosystem and its intercompartments such as sediments, and aquatic biota, and make it harmful to humans when they contaminate food and drinking water. The pesticide contamination in water, sediments, and aquatic biota has been reported to be beyond the acceptable range. The most commonly found pesticides are organochlorine, namely, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, endosulfan, heptachlor, lindane, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, and others. The paper discusses the general description, classification, and toxicity of pesticides; it also aims to create public awareness among people and appraise them with various alternate methods to combat the problem of pesticide contamination. An attempt has also been made to elucidate the findings of various works on pesticides in aquatic system and to highlight the challenging aspects of pesticide contamination, which have not attracted the attention of investigators yet.
A pot experiment was conducted to study the accumulation and translocation of metals in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plants were grown in soil amended with up to 100 % sewage sludge. ...Significant (p < 0.01) changes to soil characteristics were observed. The maximum growth of P. vulgaris was noted in the treatment with 40 % of sewage sludge. Metal concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in P. vulgaris after sewage sludge amendment where Fe > Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb. The translocation for Fe and Zn was in the order of leaves > shoot > root > fruits, for Cd, shoot > root > leaves > fruits, for Cu and Pb shoot > leaves > root > fruits and for Cr root > shoot > leaves > fruits of P. vulgaris. All accumulated metal concentrations except Cd in the fruit were below the FAO/WHO standard limits. Thus, the amendment of agricultural soil by sewage sludge might be feasible. However, a regular monitoring of metal levels in agricultural products is recommended to prevent their accumulation in the food chain.
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