Solar Hydrogen Li, Zhongxiao; Fang, Shi; Sun, Haiding ...
Advanced energy materials,
02/2023, Letnik:
13, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Hydrogen, produced through a zero‐pollution, sustainable, low‐cost, and high‐efficiency process, is regarded as the “ultimate energy” of the 21st century. Solar water‐splitting techniques have ...immense potential to make the idea a reality. Two promising approaches, photovoltaic‐electrolysis (PV‐EC) and photoelectrochemistry (PEC), have demonstrated solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency over 10%, which is the minimum required for competitively priced, large‐scale systems. Extensive studies of PV‐EC and PEC devices reported within the past five decades show increasing design complexity. To accurately describe the gap between laboratory research and practical application, the basic principles and concepts of PV‐EC and PEC are elaborated and clarified. The history of these developments is systematically summarized, and a comprehensive techno‐economic analysis of PV‐EC and PEC solar hydrogen production of 10 000 kg H2 day−1 is performed. The analysis shows that no solar hydrogen system is currently competitive with production methods based on fossil fuels, but the development of high‐efficiency water‐splitting electrolyzers with cost‐competitive components (especially for cation/anion exchange membranes) can accelerate progress.
Photovoltaic‐electrolysis (PV‐EC) and photoelectrochemistry (PEC) have immense potential to establish an economically competitive large‐scale green hydrogen production system pursued by the entire energy sector. This review systematically elaborates the fundamental principles and the development history of PEC and PV‐EC, and evaluates the techno‐economic analysis of the scale‐up applications, pointing out the current situation and future development direction for both technologies.
Toxic substances, such as heavy metals, toxins, pesticides, pathogens, and veterinary drug residues in food are hazardous to consumer health. The variety and quantity of food consumption have ...increased owing to developments in the agricultural and food industries. Food safety has a substantial socioeconomic impact, and an increasing number of consumers have become aware of its importance. Therefore, simple and cost-effective analytical methods are required to quantify the safety of preservatives. Herein, we report an electrochemical method using double-shelled carbon-confined Ni/NiO (C@Ni/NiO) hollow microspheres to detect diphenylamine (DPA). The microspheres were synthesized by a self-templating hydrothermal method followed by calcination. The hydrothermal temperature and precursor ratio were optimized systematically to prepare double-shelled C@Ni/NiO hollow microspheres. The excellent electrocatalytic activity and electron transport properties of a C@Ni/NiO-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were exploited in the electrochemical oxidation of DPA. Interestingly, the engineered C@Ni/NiO/GCE has a wide dynamic linear range (0.02–473 μM) and a DPA detection limit of 0.007 μM. In addition, the DPA sensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. The practical feasibility of the DPA sensor was evaluated in fruit samples (sweet tomatoes, apples, and red grapes), with considerable recovery.
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•Double-shell structured C@Ni/NiO is synthesized by a self-templating method.•Sucrose-derived carbon enhances the conductivity also converts the NiO to metallic Ni.•The C@Ni/NiO modified GCE was applied for the electrocatalytic oxidation of DPA.•The practical feasibility of the DPA sensor was evaluated in fruit samples.•The C@Ni/NiO preparation and fabrication process is simple and cost-effective.
Rapid, accurate, and sensitive insulin detection is crucial for managing and treating diabetes. A simple sandwich‐type electrochemical immunosensor is engineered using gold nanoparticle ...(AuNP)‐adhered metal–organic framework‐derived copper–zinc hollow porous carbon nanocubes (Au@Cu5Zn8/HPCNC) and AuNP‐deposited nitrogen‐doped holey graphene (NHG) are used as a dual functional label and sensing platform. The results show that identical morphology and size of Au@Cu5Zn8/HPCNC enhance the electrocatalytic active sites, conductivity, and surface area to immobilize the detection antibodies (Ab2). In addition, AuNP/NHG has the requisite biocompatibility and electrical conductivity, which facilitates electron transport and increases the surface area of the capture antibody (Ab1). Significantly, Cu5Zn8/HPCNC exhibits necessary catalytic activity and sensitivity for the electrochemical reduction of H2O2 using (i–t) amperometry and improves the electrochemical response in differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor for insulin demonstrates a wide linear range with a low detection limit and viable specificity, stability, and reproducibility. The platform's practicality is evaluated by detecting insulin in human serum samples. All these characteristics indicate that the Cu5Zn8/HPCNC‐based biosensing strategy may be used for the point‐of‐care assay of diverse biomarkers.
Metal–organic framework‐derived bimetallic Cu5Zn8 hollow porous carbon nanocubes anchored gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used as signal labels and improve the surface area, and catalytic active sites to load the detection antibody. Electrodeposited AuNPs on nitrogen‐doped holey graphene are utilized as substrates to enhance the capture antibody immobilization and quicken the electron transfer rate for insulin detection.
The field of next‐generation microdisplays is flourishing. Relevant display technologies, such as mini‐light emission diodes (mini‐LEDs), micro‐organic light emission diodes (micro‐OLEDs), and ...micro‐light emission diodes (micro‐LEDs) are thus in the urgent stage of development. From this perspective, comprehensive and systematical analyzes are conducted for the aforesaid microdisplay configurations. A holistic view of microdisplay technologies is developed with the corresponding performance metrics, providing a path for miscellaneous scenarios. Among these scenarios, the applications in augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), wearable devices, and head‐up displays (HUD) are currently attracting considerable attention for deeper human‐digital interactions. However, there is a multiplicity of obstacles and challenges hindering such development. Nevertheless, recent advances in microdisplay technologies hold tremendous promise for the paradigms of these applications, taking a leap forward for next‐generation microdisplays. This review presents perspectives, relevant materials, and the technology landscape for such ongoing display technologies, offering guidance on the design of advanced microdisplays.
The demand for augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), wearables, and head‐up display (HUD) technology has fueled the rapid growth of next‐generation microdisplays. Despite their promise, challenges remain. This review analyzes performance metrics across various scenarios and provides valuable materials and technology perspectives for ongoing display technology. Our guidance for advanced microdisplay design aims to overcome obstacles and improve the field.
•f-CNF/Er2MoO6 nanocomposite was synthesized via a cost-effective ultrasound-assisted synthesis method.•The synthesized materials were characterized by FESEM, TEM, EDX, UV-vis, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, and ...Raman.•f-CNF/Er2MoO6 nanocomposite was used for the modification of the screen printed electrode.•The modified electrode was employed for the electrochemical detection of phenothiazine.•The proposed sensor was found to have good stability, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility.
Currently, the sonochemical synthesis method has received considerable attention due to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and ease of operation compared to other conventional synthesis methods. Significantly, rare earth metal-doped molybdates are promising materials in the fields of photo- and electrochemical detection. Herein, a flake-like structured erbium molybdate (Er2MoO6)/functionalized carbon black (f-CNF) composite was synthesized via a facile sonochemical synthesis method. The resultant materials were characterized through spectrophotometric techniques, and the f-CNF/Er2MoO6-modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) was fabricated for the electrochemical detection of phenothiazine (PTZ). The electrocatalytic oxidation behavior of PTZ on a modified electrode was tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Interestingly, the fabricated f-CNF/Er2MoO6-modified SPE was characterized to have a broad dynamic linear range from 0.025 to 80 µM, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.008 µM, and a sensitivity of 3.707 μA μM−1 cm−2 towards the electrochemical oxidation of PTZ. Moreover, the PTZ sensor exhibited good stability, selectivity, and well precision. The practicality of the PTZ sensor was tested in human urine samples.
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Excessive use of nitrofurantoin (NFT) and its residues can be harmful to the ecosystem, and to mitigate this, rapid and cost-effective detection of NFT in water bodies is needed. In this regard, we ...prepared a three-dimensional (3D) copper-zeolitic imidazole framework (Cu/ZIF-8)-derived bimetallic Cu5Zn8 alloy-embedded hollow porous carbon nanocubes (Cu5Zn8/HPCNC) for electrochemical detection of NFT. The resultant material is characterized using suitable spectrophotometry and voltammetry methods. Cu5Zn8/HPCNC is an effective electrocatalyst with high electrical conductivity and a fast electron transfer rate. It also has more catalytic active sites for improved electrochemical reduction of NFT. Fabricated Cu5Zn8/HPCNC-modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) for NFT reduction have a wide linear range with a low detection limit, and high sensitivity (15.343 μA μМ–1 cm–2), appreciable anti-interference ability with related nitro compounds, storage stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Also, the practicability of Cu5Zn8/HPCNC/SPE can be successfully employed in NFT monitoring in water bodies (drinking water, pond water, river water, and tap water) with satisfactory recoveries.
•3D-Cu/ZIF-8 derived bimetallic Cu5Zn8/hollow porous carbon nanocubes were prepared.•The synthesis technique is very simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly.•The synergistic effect of Cu and Zn enhances the sensing performance of Cu5Zn8/HPCNC.•Broad linear range, low LOD, and high sensitivity were achieved for NFT detection.•The feasibility of Cu5Zn8/HPCNC/SPE was demonstrated in water bodies.
•An electrochemical sensor fabricated using La2NiO4/f-CNF composite.•La2NiO4/f-CNF composite was synthesized by hydrothermal and ultrasonication methods.•Differential pulse voltammetry technique was ...utilized for vanillin detection.•Fabricated sensor showed good sensitivity and low limit of detection (6 nM).•Real-time monitoring of vanillin in chocolate and ice cream.
Contemporary food marketing is ruined by flavor enhancers rather than emphasizing the nutritional value of food. Vanillin is an overexploited flavor enhancer added to food items, thereby necessitating its detection. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was designed using a modified electrode made up of La2NiO4 functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) to effectively detect vanillin in food samples. To confirm the successful formation of La2NiO4/f-CNF, structural and morphological studies were performed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Further electrochemical analysis was performed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, which resulted in high sensitivity (0.2899 µA·μM−1·cm−2) and low limit of detection (LOD) (6 nM). This modified electrode material was tested in food samples, which showed an excellent response with recovery percentage and is a promising electrocatalyst for vanillin detection.
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•Ti@f-MWCNTs composite for electrochemical detection of ractopamine was studied.•The disposable sensor demonstrated superior electrochemical sensing ability.•Broad linear response ...range (0.01–185 μM) and ultralow detection limit (0.0038 µM).•The determination of ractopamine in porcine samples convinced the practicability.
We develop a disposable electrochemical sensor using a titanium nanoparticles (Ti NPs)-anchored functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (Ti@f-MWCNTs) composite as electrochemical sensing interface for the detection of ractopamine (RAC). The sensor demonstrated superior electrochemical sensing ability with a broad linear response range (0.01–185 μM) and ultralow detection limit (0.0038 µM). In addition, the stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and anti-interference ability of the Ti@f-MWCNTs sensor were satisfactory. The practicability of the sensor was effectively employed for the determination of RAC in porcine samples including pork, pig urine, and pig serum with substantial recoveries in the range of 92%–99% and a relative standard deviation of less than 5%.
Infrared luminescent materials have evoked much attention from chemists and material scientists. Although substantial progress is made in materials design, the luminescent mechanism remains ambiguous ...in the complex structures, presenting major barriers to developing novel infrared luminescent materials. Herein, this study aims to deliberate a complete discussion on infrared phosphors with concentration‐induced hetero‐valent partial‐inverse occupation. High‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy reveal the subtle structural change in LiGa5(1−x)O8:5xCr3+. Besides, Cr K‐edge wavelet analysis and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure illustrate the impact of Cr in the second shell of another Cr ion and the practical coordination of Ga and Cr ions. Furthermore, unexpected two‐center Cr3+ emissions and the Cr–Cr pair emission are observed at high Cr concentrations. Variation between the zero‐phonon line and N‐line at different temperatures is demonstrated. Finally, the structural and luminescent properties are comprehensively discussed, providing the origin of the unexpected Cr2 emission. This study not only provides insight into the hetero‐valent partial‐inverse occupation process in inorganic materials but also sheds light on developing novel infrared luminescent materials.
Herein, complete discussion on infrared phosphors with concentration‐induced hetero‐valent partial‐inverse occupation is deliberated. High‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Cr K‐edge wavelet analysis reveal the subtle structural and luminescent change under different Cr concentrations. This study sheds light on developing infrared luminescent materials.
