Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by atrophy of acid secreting parietal cells resulting in achlorhydria. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms are common in autoimmune gastritis and frequently result ...in prescriptions for acid suppressant medications despite the inability of the stomach to secrete acid. Evidence-based recommendations for management of gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis are lacking.
The most common symptoms in patients with autoimmune gastritis are dyspepsia, heartburn, and regurgitation. Gastroesophageal reflux should be confirmed by pH-impedance testing and is typically weakly acid or alkaline. Therapy for reflux focuses on mechanical prevention of reflux (i.e., elevation of the head of the bed and alginates) or when severe, antireflux surgery. The etiology of dyspepsia in autoimmune gastritis is unclear and largely unstudied. In the first half of the 20th century, oral administration of acid to "aid digestion" was widely used with reported success. However, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are lacking. Here, we provide suggestions for attempting gastric acidification therapy.
Upper GI symptoms are common in autoimmune gastritis. Their pathogenesis and therapy remain incompletely understood. Acid suppressant medications are useless and should be discontinued. A trial of acid replacement therapy is recommended especially in the form of placebo-controlled trials.
The impact of marsh carbon export (outwelling) on estuarine metabolism has been debated for the last three decades. Much of this controversy stems from interpretations of stable isotope data. ...Although the outwelling of marsh carbon to the estuaries can be substantial, the stable isotope signal δ13C of marsh material is generally not detected except in sediments and infauna at marsh fringes. However, most of these studies focus on the δ13C; of either particulate organic carbon (POC) or the δ13C of estuarine organisms that depend on POC, even though this carbon pool may be the least likely to provide a marsh signal. A series of simple models are developed to show how marsh outwelling affects the δ13C of POC and the other major estuarine carbon pools, i.e., dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The models show that a marsh δ13C signal will only be detected in estuarine POC or DIC when the marsh area is substantially larger than the estuary. However, because estuarine in-situ DOC production is only a fraction of POC production, our mixing models suggest that a marsh signal should be found in estuarine DOC, even when the marsh areas is smaller that the estuarine area. Finally, a transport model, incorporating a simplified bathymetry and hydrology for the Parker River, MA, is used to back calculate marsh outwelling from the estuarine δ13C-DOC. The model estimate of marsh DOC outwelling is consistent with other estimates, and suggests that our parameterization of estuarine transport and degradation processes that regulate DOC isotope ratios is probably also correct.
Other fast lanes, while forming below the cell surface, push released particles to “surf” towards noninfected cells 7. ...some viruses take advantage of structures built by circulating cells to ...communicate, such as the immunological synapse, to spread more rapidly 2. ...the lowest portion of the tract that lacks cilia and mucus is safeguarded by macrophages that destroy particles. ...mechanisms that allow viral spread within the airway epithelia without particle release would be highly advantageous, and recent studies suggest that some respiratory viruses have indeed developed alternative means of spread. ...the complete assembly of virions is not needed, and direct cell-to-cell transfer of viral genetic material, proteins, nucleocapsids, or replication bodies is most likely occurring. ...disruption of intercellular extensions or intercellular pores by different means leads to reduced and/or less efficient viral spread.
Se ha estudiado el efecto crioprotector del suero de leche en surimi de jurel (Trachurus murphyi) almacenado a -18oC durante 5 meses. El suero se incorporo a la pasta de pescado al 4,6 y 8 p. 100 ...(solo y mezclado con 0,2 p. 100 de polifosfatos) y se comparo con la mezcla comercial que contenia un 8 p. 100 de sacarosa-sobitol (1:1) y una muestra control. La calidad del surimi se evaluo mediante metodos bioquimicos, fisicos y sensoriales. El almacenamiento congelado del surimi de jurel desnaturalizo las proteinas miofibrilares, demostrado por la disminucion de la capacidad de retencion de agua, proteina soluble, actividad de la ATPasa Ca(+2) y capacidad de formar gel. Esta perdida de calidad fue tambien detectada sensorialmente. La desnaturalizacion proteica fue reducida por el suero de la leche, siendo el tratamiento mas efectivo con la muestra que contenia 8 p. 100 de suero mas polifosfatos y la mezcla comercial. Los polifosfatos, combinados con 8 p. 100 de suero determinaron que el descenso de la actividad ATPasica y la capacidad de retencion de agua no fuese tan acusado. Estas muestras presentaron ademas, las mejores caracteristicas sensoriales despues de 155 dias de almacenamiento a -18oC.
Background
Understanding the nature of engineering is important for shaping engineering education, especially precollege education. While much research has established the pedagogical benefits of ...teaching engineering in kindergarten through 12th grade (K–12), the philosophical foundations of engineering remain under‐examined.
Purpose
This conceptual paper introduces the honeycomb of engineering framework, which offers an epistemologically justified theoretical position and a pedagogical lens that can be used to examine ways engineering concepts and practices are taught in precollege education.
Scope/Method
The honeycomb of engineering was developed as a descriptive framework by examining existing literature over a wide range of related disciplines such as the philosophy of engineering and technology, as well as design thinking and practice. The pedagogical translation of the framework was then developed to examine published precollege engineering curricula.
Results
The framework categorizes the multiple goals of engineering using an ontological classification of engineering inquiries anchored in the central practice of negotiating risks and benefits (i.e., trade‐offs). This framework also illustrates the adaptability of design methodology in guiding six inquiries: (1) user‐centered design, (2) design‐build‐test, (3) engineering science, (4) optimization, (5) engineering analysis, and (6) reverse engineering. The published curricula represented these inquiries with varying degrees, with design‐build‐test lessons seeing the most representation followed by user‐centered design.
Conclusions
The honeycomb of engineering framework delineates variations in engineering education based on an epistemological explanation. The pedagogical translations offer guidance to educators, researchers, and curriculum designers for differentiating curricular aims and learning outcomes resulting from participation in different engineering inquiries.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created cause for rapid innovation in, reimagining of, and pivoting of higher education institutions. Prior to 2020, the global higher education sector began to radically ...focus their efforts on creating sustainable institutions, and incorporated the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The novel coronavirus pandemic may have changed that. This systematic review examines eight manuscripts, identified through a systematic search strategy on sustainability during the COVID-19 pandemic across 2020–2021. Interestingly, the low volume of manuscripts identified highlights potential learning and teaching risks, as priorities may have shifted during rapid digitalization and emergency remote teaching practices. These manuscripts focused on Goal 4, inclusive and equitable quality education (50%); Goal 8, decent work and economic growth; Goal 9, industry, innovation, and infrastructure (37.5%); and goal enabling through integrating and embedding sustainability into the curriculum (12.5%). The implications of this systematic review highlight a need to rebuild efforts to focus on the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly considering the evolving higher education landscape during COVID-19. While there were still considerable volumes of manuscripts on higher education and sustainability during 2020–2021, the lack of contextualization to current higher education conditions should be of concern for sustainability scholars. This systematic review creates a critical foundation for accelerating our understanding of achieving SDGs in higher education during and beyond the pandemic.
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