Documenting Displacement Grabska, Katarzyna; Clark-Kazak, Christina R
2022, 2022-02-15, Letnik:
7
eBook
This project explores the ethics and methods of research in diverse forced migration contexts and proposes new ways of thinking about and documenting displacement. Contributors reflect honestly on ...both what has worked and what has not, providing useful points of discussion for future research by both established and emerging researchers.
Research can contribute to better understanding of the forced migration experience to inform policy and programming, but it can also cause inconvenience and harm to research respondents.1 In ...situations of forced migration, the stakes are particularly high because of precarious legal status, unequal power relations, far-reaching anti-terrorism legislation, and the criminalization of migration. In response, the Canadian Council for Refugees, York University’s Centre for Refugee Studies, and the Canadian Association for Refugee and Forced Migration Studies collaborated to complement established ethical principles with specific ethical considerations for research with people in situations of forced migration. This document highlights our guiding principles and applies the ethical concepts of voluntary, informed consent; respect for privacy; and cost-benefit analysis. It is of relevance to anyone involved in gathering information—whether in an academic or community setting—and those who are asked to take part in research.
Recent work has revealed an increasingly important role for mRNA translation in maintaining proteostasis. Here, we use chemical inhibitors targeting discrete steps of translation to compare how ...lowering the concentration of all or only translation initiation-dependent proteins rescues
from proteotoxic stress. We systematically challenge proteostasis and show that pharmacologically inhibiting translation initiation or elongation elicits a distinct protective profile. Inhibiting elongation protects from heat and proteasome dysfunction independently from HSF-1 but does not protect from age-associated protein aggregation. Conversely, inhibition of initiation protects from heat and age-associated protein aggregation and increases lifespan, dependent on
, but does not protect from proteotoxicity caused by proteasome dysfunction. Surprisingly, we find that the ability of the translation initiation machinery to control the concentration of newly synthesized proteins depends on HSF-1. Inhibition of translation initiation in wild-type animals reduces the concentration of newly synthesized proteins but increases it in
mutants. Our findings suggest that the HSF-1 pathway is not only a downstream target of translation but also directly cooperates with the translation initiation machinery to control the concentration of newly synthesized proteins to restore proteostasis.
The variance of the rainfall during the October–November–December (OND) “short rain” season along the coast in Kenya and Tanzania correlates strongly with sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian ...Ocean between 1950 and 1999. A zonal pattern of positive correlation in the Arabian Sea and negative correlation southwest of Sumatra forms in the summer preceding the rainy season. The positive correlation strengthens in the western Indian Ocean and the negative correlation in the eastern Indian Ocean weakens in the subsequent fall concurrent with the short rain. Reduced OND East African rainfall is associated with the reversed SST pattern. The OND rainfall also correlates strongly with ENSO. The SST–rain correlation pattern breaks down between the years 1983 and 1993, as does the correlation with ENSO. However, between 1994 and 1999 the OND rainfall, ENSO, and the SST zonal mode again return to strong correlation, as in the years preceding 1983.
Recounting migration Clark-Kazak, Christina R
Recounting migration,
c2011, 20110725, 2011, 2011-07-25, 20110101
eBook
"Millions of citizens from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have been killed or displaced during decades of political corruption and military conflict. Many forced migrants are young people, ...who are often seen either as passive victims or as radicalized and amoral child soldiers perpetuating the cycle of violence. Recounting Migration refutes these stereotypes by presenting young Congolese refugees' nuanced understanding of the complex power relations that affect their everyday lives. Christina Clark-Kazak, a former international aid worker, uses extensive interviews done in Kampala and Kyaka II refugee settlement, Uganda, to present the narratives of ten young people living as refugees. Their accounts reveal both political awareness and individual agency in everyday and extraordinary circumstances. The author shows how refugee youth seek to influence decision-making processes in families, communities, and at policy levels through formal and informal mechanisms, as well as through non-political channels such as education and music. She juxtaposes their interpretations of the situations with the discourse and bureaucracy of international aid organizations, showing the sometimes radical differences between these perspectives. Clark-Kazak not only provides insight into the politics of labelling but offers recommendations for future research, policy, and programs for refugee young people. A remarkable and compelling look at the lives of young refugees, Recounting Migration challenges stereotypes by giving these migrants a long-overdue opportunity to speak for themselves."--Publisher's unedited description.
This special focus of Refuge highlights the widespread but under-researched occurrence of age discrimination in forced migration law, policy, and practice. Using a conceptual lens of social age, ...authors analyze the ways in which people in situations of forced migration are treated differently on the basis of chronological age, biological development, and family status. By framing this differential treatment as discrimination, this special focus approaches age as an equity issue. Such an approach differentiates the articles presented here from other recent scholarship on specific age groups, which is framed largely in terms of their vulnerabilities and needs. This special focus is intended to stimulate further research and activism on age discrimination in all its forms in varying contexts of forced migration.
L’accent particulier accordé à ce sujet dans Refuge souligne l’incidence généralisée, bien qu’insuffisamment étudiée, de la discrimination fondée sur l’âge dans la législation, la politique et la pratique concernant la migration forcée. À l’aide de l’optique théorique de l’âge social, les auteurs abordent une analyse du traitement différencié accordée aux personnes en situation de migration forcée en fonction de leur âge chronologique, de leur développement biologique et de leur statut familial. En considérant ces différences dans le traitement par l’entremise du cadre de la discrimination, l’âge est conçu en tant qu’enjeu d’équité dans l’optique de cette approche particulière. Une telle approche dans les articles présentés ici se démarque des travaux et recherches récentes sur les groupes d’âge spécifiques qui se conceptualisent plutôt en fonction des vulnérabilités et besoins des sujets concernés. Cette approche particulière vise à inciter des recherches ultérieures ainsi que des activités politiques concernant la discrimination fondée sur l’âge dans toutes ses manifestations dans les divers contextes de la migration forcée.
Campylobacter jejuni, a major human enteric pathogen, exhibits significant strain-to-strain differences which result in differences in pathogenic potential. C. jejuni 81-176 is a highly virulent ...strain that exhibits unique pathogenic features and is used by many research laboratories. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of its genome and compared it to the genomes of other sequenced C. jejuni strains. We identified a number of unique genetic features which may confer specific metabolic and pathogenic properties on this strain. We have also identified regions of the C. jejuni genome that are hot spots for the integration of horizontally acquired genetic material. This information should help the understanding of the pathogenesis of C. jejuni and, in particular, the unique features of this highly pathogenic strain.
Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular organism that causes bacillary dysentery. The Shigella IpaB protein activates caspase 1 in macrophages, which eventually leads to apoptosis. In ...contrast, epithelial cells infected with Shigella undergo a stress response but do not die. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if Shigella has the ability to inhibit apoptosis in epithelial cells. A modified gentamicin protection assay was used to investigate if HeLa cells infected with S. flexneri are able to resist the induction of apoptosis following treatment with 4 μM of staurosporine. Nuclear staining and immunofluorescence revealed that infected cells remained healthy while uninfected cells appeared apoptotic. Only uninfected cells had detectable levels of activated caspase 3 upon immunofluorescence, and this was verified by Western blot analysis. Despite interfering with caspase 3 activation, Shigella-infected cells treated with staurosporine did have cytochrome c release and caspase 9 activation, indicating that Shigella protects epithelial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting caspase 3 activation. Analysis of S. flexneri mutants showed that invasion and a functional type III secretion system were required to block apoptosis. In addition, a mutant with a deletion in mxiE, which encodes a transcriptional activator for genes induced intracellularly, failed to inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, protection of epithelial cells from apoptosis by S. flexneri is regulated by one or more of the bacterial genes under the control of mxiE. We believe that S. flexneri, like other pathogens, inhibits apoptosis in epithelial cells but causes apoptosis in macrophages to ensure survival inside the host.
Background Tacrolimus is a topical calcineurin inhibitor with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and fungicidal properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis. ...Objectives We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus with standard corticosteroid treatment in adults with facial seborrheic dermatitis in a phase II, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Methods Adult patients were enrolled in a 12-week study. Subjects were randomized to tacrolimus 0.1% ointment (n = 16) or hydrocortisone 1% ointment (n = 14) applied twice daily to symptomatic regions of the face. The primary efficacy measure was the severity of facial seborrhea at the end of treatment (day 84) as measured by the Seborrhea Area and Severity Index–Face. Secondary efficacy measures included physician and patient assessment of seborrhea, the frequency of medication application, and adverse events. Results The severity of facial seborrhea was similarly improved in both treatment groups ( P = .86). Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment was used on significantly fewer days than 1% hydrocortisone ointment (mean missed doses per patient at first visit: 15.6 vs 7.6, P < .05; at last visit: 13.5 vs 7.7, P = .08). The majority of doses were missed because of lack of symptoms. The adverse event profile for both agents was similar; however, there was a numerically higher incidence of adverse events in the hydrocortisone group. Limitations This was a small, open-label study. Conclusion Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment required significantly fewer applications compared with hydrocortisone 1% ointment to achieve a comparable clinical response in adults with facial seborrheic dermatitis. Tacrolimus was generally well tolerated.
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