RESUMO As vantagens competitivas do setor agrícola brasileiro influenciam diretamente a expansão da fronteira agropecuária e, consequentemente, a supressão da vegetação natural e alteração dos ...ecossistemas locais. O presente trabalho visa analisar os diversos aspectos da legislação ambiental para a proteção de áreas no interior das propriedades rurais. As normas legais que tutelam essas áreas foram definidas pelo segundo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei 4.771/65). Foram criados espaços representativos dos ecossistemas naturais no interior das propriedades rurais, denominados por Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), definidos como intocáveis, e áreas de Reserva Legal (RL), que, uma vez averbados, não podem sofrer o uso alternativo do solo, podendo apenas ser manejados sustentavelmente.
ABSTRACT The institution of biological value areas through the creation of Natural Protected Areas is an essential tool for protecting the country’s environmental resources to face advanced anthropic ...development in natural areas, either to increase agriculture production or for economic growth. Environmental vulnerability studies combined with geotechnological tools have been vital to identifying the most vulnerable areas and consequently help Conservation Units protection. This study aimed to analyze environmental vulnerability at the buffer zone of Itabira Natural Monument (MONAI) in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Brazil. The necessary methodological steps for this study were as follows: a) Photointerpretation of land use; b) Anthropic variables selection; c) Application of Euclidean distance function in variables vector images; d) Application of fuzzy membership function in variables raster images; e) Application of Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP); and f) Spatial classification of environmental vulnerability around MONAI. Land use conflicts reveal a relevant presence of pasture areas, representing 49.80% of the buffer zone. This fact corroborates with its Euclidean distance value, which showed the lowest linear value, 836 meters. Eight anthropic variables have been incorporated, highlighting crops, urban areas, exposed soil and pasture. Jenks natural breaks defined five vulnerability classes. According to the results, 57.14% of the entire MONAI buffer zone is represented by the high and very high classes. The outdated law creation of MONAI and the need for a management plan result in a vulnerable buffer zone. The present study can support management plan formulation and assist MONAI’s buffer zone delimitation.
RESUMO A instituição de áreas de elevado valor biológico por meio da criação Unidades de Conservação (UC’s) tem se tornado importante instrumento de proteção aos recursos ambientais no país, frente ao desenfreado avanço antrópico sobre ambientes naturais. Os estudos de vulnerabilidade ambiental aliados à geotecnologia têm se mostrado uma relevante ferramenta na identificação de áreas mais vulneráveis, e, consequentemente, no gerenciamento e proteção das UC’s. Este trabalho objetivou analisar a vulnerabilidade ambiental no entorno do Monumento Natural do Itabira (MONAI), localizado no município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim/ES, por meio de ferramentas geotecnológicas e inteligência artificial. As etapas metodológicas necessárias para este estudo foram: a) fotointerpretação do uso e ocupação da terra; b) seleção das variáveis antrópicas; c) aplicação da distância euclidiana nos vetores representativos das variáveis; d) aplicação da lógica Fuzzy nas matrizes das variáveis de distância euclidiana; e) aplicação do método Hierárquico Analítico (AHP); e f) espacialização das áreas de vulnerabilidade ambiental no entorno do MONAI. Os conflitos de uso e ocupação da terra demonstraram presença majoritária de pastagens, representando 49,80% da área de estudo, corroborando com o cálculo da distância euclidiana que atribuiu a esta variável o menor valor linear em relação à UC, 836 metros. Dentre as 5 classes de vulnerabilidade definidas pelas quebras naturais de Jenks, observou-se que 57,14% do entorno do MONAI é representado pelas classes alta e muito alta. A desatualização da lei de criação do MONAI e a inexistência de plano de manejo implicam no mapeamento de uma zona de amortecimento majoritariamente vulnerável ambientalmente. O presente estudo pode subsidiar a elaboração do plano de manejo e a demarcação da zona de amortecimento do MONAI.
This paper measured the attractiveness of municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) for projects in the steel, cellulose and paper, furniture, energy and wood panel industry segments. A ...questionnaire was used to construct an index of attractiveness of the forestry sector for each municipality. As a result, it was found that 40% of the municipalities presented “average” or higher attractiveness. The mesoregions with the greatest potential for forestry development were the Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Southwest of Minas and Zona da Mata. The steel and cellulose and paper segments found attractive factors in 74.08% and 72.79% of the municipalities, respectively. It was concluded that the methodology applied showed how close a location was to meeting the characteristics of forest-based industries. It is expected to encourage future research and influence strategic planning for the expansion of the forestry sector across the country.
In Brazil, affordable housing programs aimed at low-income populations reach a limited number of people. In the northern region, conventional bricklaying is the preferred method of building ...affordable single-family houses, which are essentially sets of tiny houses on the outskirts of cities. Conventional bricklaying can damage the environment. This study, started in July 2019, aimed to understand the perception of using timber to build affordable houses by housing program stakeholders and determine why the beneficiaries of housing programs prefer brick houses to wooden houses in locations with building permits. We applied a SWOT analysis to a group of 60 individuals comprising government agents and wooden and brick house residents of cities located in the northern region of Brazil. Subsequently, we devised relevant strategies, validated by stakeholders involved in public policy, for the provision of wooden housing for low-income populations. We used R software to analyze the data, and the results showed that the beneficiaries of affordable housing programs were unaware of wooden architectural projects and their durability, despite the regional abundance of wood and its environmental benefits. We suggest using strategies based on the SWOT analysis and validated by a group of experts to include the Affordable Wooden Housing (AWH) Project in the National Rural Housing Program (PNHR) and Harvest Plan.
This paperexamined the regional concentration of native fuelwood production in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, between 1990-2017. Information on native fuelwood was gathered fromforestry ...activitiescollected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). This studyanalyzed the current situation and the spatial distribution of the state’s fuelwood production by quartiles. The following indicators were used to measure market concentration: Gini Coefficient (G), Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI), Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio CR(k). In Rio Grande do Norte, there was a -2.76% annual decrease in the production of native fuelwood, from 5,280 x10³ m³ (1990) to 777 x10³ m³ (2017). Classification of the municipalities by quartile revealed that most municipalities had low fuelwood production. The G inferred a very strong to absolute inequality for the municipalities and a weak to null inequality for the mesoregions.The CCI demonstrated no market concentration in the municipalities and a regional concentration in the mesoregions. The HHI corroborated the CCI by affirming the presence of a competitive market for the municipalities and microregions and a concentrated market in the mesoregions.The CR(k) of the four largest municipalities indicated a moderately low concentration. This study concluded that there is a competitive market structure for native fuelwood inthe state of Rio Grande do Norte.
RESUMO: Este artigo analisou a concentração regional da produção de lenha nativa do Rio Grande do Norte - Brasil, no período de 1990 a 2017. As informações da lenha nativa foram obtidas da produção da extração vegetal e da silvicultura, disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Analisou a conjuntura, a distribuição espacial da produção de lenha estadual por meio os quartis e mensurou a concentração por meio dos indicadores: Coeficiente de Gini (G), Índice de Concentração Compreensiva (CCI), Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) e Razão de Concentração CR(k). Os resultados mostraram que houve decréscimo de -2,76% a.a. na produção de lenha nativa estadual, partindo de 5.280 x10³ m³ (1990) para 777 x10³ m³ (2017). O quartil municipal revelou que a maioria dos municípios produz pouca lenha; apesar do G ter inferido uma desigualdade muito forte a absoluta para os municípios produtores de lenha e fraca a nula para as mesorregiões, já o CCI mostrou para os municípios que é não concentrado e as mesorregiões tem concentração regional; HHI corroborou com esta afirmação mostrando um mercado altamente competitivo para os municípios e microrregiões e concentrado para as mesorregiões produtoras de lenha; o CR(k) dos quatro maiores municípios foi constatada uma concentração moderadamente baixa. Conclui-se que a lenha nativa do estado do Rio Grande do Norte possui estrutura de mercado competitiva.
Abstract Forest replacement is a public policy consisting of a set of measures that ensure the continuity of forest raw material supply to the consumers of native species. It is currently required ...through Art. 33 of the Federal Law 12,651/2012. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the main legislations and facts related to the forest replacement policy, addressing their responsible bodies and indicating their contributions to the forest sector, based on an extensive bibliographical and documentary research. Three federal bodies stood out as being responsible for such policy: INP, IBDF, and Ibama; being the responsibility of the third one shared with similar state agencies. The planted area was significant, especially during the period in which the IBDF was the responsible body, due to its encouraging performance and the incentives in force. We observed there are still problems related to transparency and implementation effectiveness due to the lack of joint actions between stakeholders and the incipient technical assistance.
ABSTRACT This paper analyzed the disparity in the gross production value of timber products from the state of Paraíba, Brazil, between 1994 and 2017. The indicators used were: the locational quotient ...(Lq), the coefficient of location (Cl), the coefficient of redistribution (Cred), the coefficient of geographic association (Cga), the coefficient of specialization (Cs) and the coefficient of restructuring (Cr). The results obtained indicated that wood was the main timber product extracted in the state of Paraíba, with the Sertão paraibano region being of greater relevance, increasing the disparity between the regions; the Cred pointed out greater change for charcoal extraction; the Mata Paraibana region was the most specialized region, especially for wood extraction; and the Borborema region presented the greatest restructuring in all studied periods. The study evidenced that the extraction of wood products mainly occurred in the more arid regions of the state with the purpose of population subsistence or industrial use, especially in the red ceramics and plaster segments for which wood can be used to generate heat and thermoelectric power.
RESUMO Este artigo analisou a disparidade do valor bruto de produção dos produtos madeireiros do extrativismo vegetal das mesorregiões da Paraíba, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2017. Os indicadores empregados foram: o quociente locacional (QL), o coeficiente locacional (CL), o coeficiente de redistribuição (CRED), o coeficiente de associação geográfica (Cag), o coeficiente de especialização (CE) e o coeficiente de reestruturação (Cr). Os resultados apontaram que a lenha foi o principal produto madeireiro e a mesorregião Sertão paraibano maior relevância, elevando a disparidade entre as regiões; o CRED apontou maior mudança para o carvão vegetal; a Mata Paraibana foi mais especializada em lenha e a mesorregião da Borborema apresentou a maior reestruturação em todos os períodos estudados. O estudo evidenciou que o VBP dos produtos madeireiros nativos ocorreu, principalmente, nas regiões mais áridas do estado para atender a demanda energética local e circunvizinha, com destaque aos segmentos de cerâmica vermelha e gesso.
The revisions made in the Forest Code (FC) in 2012 appear to have promoted the weakening of the legal reserve (LR), which after at least 80 years of development, had become established in the ...Brazilian legal system as an instrument of environmental conservation. This study investigated the possibility of disruption in the implementation of the LR and was developed using qualitative approaches, including bibliographical and documental analyses, to assess the historical construction and legal format of the instrument over time. It was concluded that the current Forest Code broke the trend of development of the LR as an instrument of environmental conservation that was promoted by previous codes and removed the conditions necessary for its effectiveness and existence.
RESUMO: Revisões ao Código Florestal feitas em 2012 parecem ter promovido a fragilização da Reserva Legal que, após pelo menos 80 anos de construção, firmou-se no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro como instrumento de conservação ambiental. Este trabalho investigou a hipótese de ruptura do processo de evolução da Reserva Legal. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, delineada por métodos bibliográficos e documentais, a qual analisou a construção histórica do instrumento e seu formato jurídico ao longo do tempo. Concluiu-se que o atual Código Florestal Brasileiro rompeu a tendência de construção da Reserva Legal como instrumento de conservação ambiental, promovida pelos códigos anteriores, retirando condições necessárias para sua eficácia e existência.
ABSTRACT The conservation of natural resources within rural properties is a constitutional obligation. Among the social function criteria required for the exploitation of rural properties, besides ...the rational use and respect of working conditions, there is a need to ensure environmental protection. The current guidelines regarding the exploration and the environmental adequacy of the rural property are in the Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL - Law no. 12,651/2012) also known as Forest Code of 2012. This study aims to analyze different aspects of the Brazilian forestry legislation, with emphasis on the main points of the new legislation regarding the use and conservation of rural properties, highlighting the Rural Environmental Registry replacing the old model of Legal Reserve Registration. It is an update of the article “Ambient protection areas inside rural properties: the APP and RL case” published by Floram in 2011.
ABSTRACT The great expectation about the New Forest Code consisted in reducing the hermeneutics distortions and increasing legal certainty for farmers. However, the new legislation raised more ...uncertainties and discussions, mainly because it consolidates the anthropic use and allows of low-impact activities in areas that should, by law, be kept untouched. This study aimed to survey and to describe the legislation related to protected areas on the rural area (APP and RL), to analyze the consolidated forms of use, occupation and low impact activities that can be developed in these areas, and to propose sustainable technical alternatives for interventions in the areas already consolidated and their recovery. The text is based on literature and documents, elaborated on the survey and study of legal aspects about protected areas in rural properties of Brazil and the main low-impact farming techniques, highlighting the agroforestry systems as an alternative of consolidated occupations in environmental protection areas. The text provides in an organized way the main aspects of the legislation on such areas and describes the sustainable activities allowed in APP and RL according to the flexibility of the new Forest Code.
RESUMO A grande expectativa acerca do Novo Código Florestal consistiu-se em reduzir as distorções da hermenêutica e aumentar a segurança jurídica dos produtores rurais. Contudo, a nova legislação suscitou mais incertezas e discussões, principalmente, ao consolidar o uso antrópico e a permissão de atividades de baixo impacto ambiental em áreas que deveriam, por lei, ser mantidas intocadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo levantar e descrever a legislação relacionada às áreas de proteção na propriedade rural (APP e RL), analisar as formas de uso-ocupação consolidados e de baixo impacto que podem ser desenvolvidos nestas áreas, bem como, propor soluções técnicas sustentáveis para intervenções nas áreas já consolidadas e recuperação das mesmas. O Sistema Agroflorestal constitui uma alternativa estratégica de intervenção e recuperação das APPs e RLs àqueles pequenos produtores que ainda não estão em conformidade com a Lei. As propriedades rurais devem sempre procurar inovar, diminuindo custos de produção e aumentando a lucratividade com responsabilidade ambiental e o sistema agroflorestal tem-se mostrado uma alternativa que congrega produção com proteção ambiental.
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