African ancestry alleles may contribute to CKD among Hispanics/Latinos, but whether associations differ by Hispanic/Latino background remains unknown. We examined the association of CKD measures with ...African ancestry-specific
alleles that were directly genotyped and sickle cell trait (hemoglobin subunit
gene
variant) on the basis of imputation in 12,226 adult Hispanics/Latinos grouped according to Caribbean or Mainland background. We also performed an unbiased genome-wide association scan of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios. Overall, 41.4% of participants were male, 44.6% of participants had a Caribbean background, and the mean age of all participants was 46.1 years. The Caribbean background group, compared with the Mainland background group, had a higher frequency of two
alleles (1.0% versus 0.1%) and the
variant (2.0% versus 0.7%). In the Caribbean background group, presence of
alleles (2 versus 0/1 copies) or the
variant (1 versus 0 copies) were significantly associated with albuminuria (odds ratio OR, 3.2; 95% confidence interval 95% CI, 1.7 to 6.1; and OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.8 to 3.8, respectively) and albuminuria and/or eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m
(OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5 to 5.4; and OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7 to 3.5, respectively). The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio genome-wide association scan identified associations with the
variant among all participants, with the strongest association in the Caribbean background group (
=3.1×10
versus
=9.3×10
for the Mainland background group). In conclusion, African-specific alleles associate with CKD in Hispanics/Latinos, but allele frequency varies by Hispanic/Latino background/ancestry.
We consider the interchange process (IP) on the \(d\)-dimensional, discrete hypercube of side-length \(n\). Specifically, we compare the spectral gap of the IP to the spectral gap of the random walk ...(RW) on the same graph. We prove that the two spectral gaps are asymptotically equivalent, in the limit \(n \to \infty\). This result gives further supporting evidence for a conjecture of Aldous, that the spectral gap of the IP equals the spectral gap of the RW on all finite graphs. Our proof is based on an argument invented by Handjani and Jungreis, who proved Aldous's conjecture for all trees. This also has implications for the spectral gap of the quantum Heisenberg ferromagnet.
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