Firstly, we divided the existing environmental regulation policies into two types as “expense-type” and “investment-type” according to their characteristics. And then we analyzed the mechanism how ...the two kinds of environmental regulation policies acted on employment and tested the affected degree of two kinds of environmental regulation on employment through using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2015. Finally, we did the empirical research by subdividing types of above 30 provinces according to the provincial heterogeneity in industrial structure and education level of the residents. Results showed that (1) the effect of expense-type environmental regulation on the provincial employment exhibited as “U” curve form and the intensity of environmental regulation in China were still on the decline phase of the “U” curve in “12•5” period. The effect of investment-type environmental regulation on the provincial employment was always positive, and it can indirectly increase provincial employment scale by rising provincial technology levels. (2) The effects of provincial economic development level, capital, and technology investment on regional employment were significantly positive. But due to the crowding-out effect of economic opening on indigenous technology, the effect of economic opening on regional employment wasn’t significant. (3) The upgraded provincial industrial structure to tertiary industry as the main industry and strengthening the education level of residents all could reduce the inflection point of the “U” curve and accelerate the realization of the “Win-win situation” between environmental improvement and employment growth.
Resveratrol (3, 4′, 5 trihydroxy stilbene) is a natural phytoalexin produced by plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is well known for its cardio-protective, anticarcinogenic, and ...antioxidant properties. This study characterized physiological and molecular changes in resveratrol synthesis exposed to two levels of water stress at distinct grape berry developmental stages. Physiological data were measured to assess the berry quality. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to study enzyme activity and qRT-PCR to assess the expression levels of genes involved in resveratrol synthesis. The berry development was suppressed under water stress, while the content of total polyphenol, especially resveratrol was enhanced. Related enzymes and genes regulate the changes in resveratrol in plants. Water stress improved the enzyme activities of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and STS (stilbene synthase) after veraison. Moreover, the transcription factors VvMYB14, VvMYB15 and resveratrol synthesis-related genes are also changed. Expression of Vv4CL and VvMYB15 were upregulated during the pre-reversion stage, whereas VvPAL and VvSTS increased throughout development. As the co-substrate of VvSTS, VvCHS decreased during the berry development. Our study demonstrates that water stress regulates resveratrol synthesis through enzymatic activities and the gene expression of PAL and STS.
A novel interfacial polymerization approach was used in this study and applied to prepare the thin film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes with some excellent properties. The surface of the ...membranes was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the membranes prepared by novel interfacial polymerization approach have smoother surface than the membranes obtained by traditional interfacial polymerization approach. There is a large amount of amino group (–NH
2) on the topmost surface of the active skin layer of the membrane yielded by novel interfacial polymerization approach, comparing to carboxylic acid groups (–COOH) synthesized by traditional interfacial polymerization approach. Moreover, the membrane made by novel interfacial polymerization approach exhibited better antifouling property than that prepared by traditional interfacial polymerization approach. A unique and simple method to prepare thin film composite RO membranes with good membrane performance property was demonstrated.
The contact angles of three kinds of typically commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (LP21, ULP21, and FR11) were firstly investigated. The relationships between the contact angles and external ...conditions were researched by well considering the effects of sample pretreatment, water-droplet volume, environmental humidity, water temperature and salinity. Furthermore, the surface features of these RO membranes, including functional groups, surface roughness, and zeta potentials, were also analyzed for exploring their influences on the contact-angle values, by using attenuate total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectra, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and streaming potential instrument. The experimental results suggest that the sample pretreatment makes the hydrophilicity of RO membranes decrease, because of the part removal of physically coated hydrophilic aliphatic alcohols and protect agents introduced in the synthesis process. The water-droplet volumes have no obvious effect on the contact-angle measurement results. The contact-angle values can be gradually decreased with the enhancements of the environmental humidity, external temperature, and water salinity. Moreover, it was found that the enhancements on the density of modified hydrophilic functional groups, surface roughness and surface zeta potential are favorable for the decrease of contact angles.
► We investigated the effects of external conditions on RO-membrane contact angles. ► The relationships between surface features and contact angles were analyzed. ► The action mechanisms on contact angles were systematically reported. ► The contact angles of three RO membranes were first comprehensively reported.
The accurate knowledge of the diffusion behavior of protein within biomimetic hydrogel matrix at body temperature has a great implication for the design of efficient controlled release protein-base ...drug delivery devices. In this paper, we improved our previous in situ refractive index method with great temperature-controlled capability. For the first time, this newly improved method was employed to study the diffusion of protein (bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme) in agarose hydrogel at body temperature (37 °C). The change of the gel refractive index caused by the change of the diffusing protein concentration within the gel during the diffusion process enables the effective diffusion coefficients of protein to be estimated. The diffusion coefficients of proteins decrease with the increase of the concentration of agarose and the solute molecular size. At the considered range of agarose concentration (0.5–3.0 wt.%), the diffusion coefficients range from 4.98 to 8.21
×
10
−
7
cm
2/s for BSA and 1.15 to 1.56
×
10
−
6
cm
2/s for lysozyme, respectively. Temperature dependence of diffusivity of BSA in agarose hydrogel was also investigated. Furthermore, the retardance effect of polymer volume fraction on the diffusivity of both BSA and lysozyme in agarose hydrogels was analyzed with three models, Amsden's, Clauge and Philips', and Ogsten's model.
Nowadays, various AI applications based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely deployed on GPU-accelerated devices. However, due to the lack of visibility into GPU internal scheduling, ...accurately modeling the performance of CNN inference tasks or estimating the latency of CNN tasks that are executing or waiting on the GPU is challenging. This hurts the multi-model scheduling on multi-device and CNN real-time inference. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a time estimation method to estimate the forward execution time of a convolutional layer with an arbitrary shape on a GPU. The proposed method divides an explicit General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) convolution operation into a series of estimatable GPU operations and constructs performance models at the level of sub-operations rather than hardware instructions or entire models. Also, the proposed method can be easily adapted to different hardware devices or underlying algorithm implementations, since it focuses on the variation of execution time relative to the input data scale, without focusing on specific instructions or hardware actions. According to the experiments on four typical CUDA compatible platforms, the proposed method has an average error rate of less than 5% for convolutional layers in some practical CNN models, and has about 8% error rate in estimating GEMM convolution implementations provided by cuDNN library. Experiments show that the proposed method can predict the forward execution time of convolutional layers of arbitrary size in CNN inference tasks on different GPU models.
Distance has been one of the basic factors in manufacturing and control fields, and ultrasonic distance sensors have been widely used as a low-cost measuring tool. However, the propagation of ...ultrasonic waves is greatly affected by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. In order to solve the problem of inaccurate measurement, which is significant within industry, this paper presents a novel ultrasonic distance sensor model using networked error correction (NEC) trained on experimental data. This is more accurate than other existing approaches because it uses information from indirect association with neighboring sensors, which has not been considered before. The NEC technique, focusing on optimization of the relationship of the topological structure of sensor arrays, is implemented for the compensation of erroneous measurements caused by the environment. We apply the maximum likelihood method to determine the optimal fusion data set and use a neighbor discovery algorithm to identify neighbor nodes at the top speed. Furthermore, we adopt the NEC optimization algorithm, which takes full advantage of the correlation coefficients for neighbor sensors. The experimental results demonstrate that the ranging errors of the NEC system are within 2.20%; furthermore, the mean absolute percentage error is reduced to 0.01% after three iterations of this method, which means that the proposed method performs extremely well. The optimized method of distance measurement we propose, with the capability of NEC, would bring a significant advantage for intelligent industrial automation.
► The Ti-Cr-MCM-48 photocatalyst was synthesized by one-step way at room temperature. ► The tetrahedral titanium as dominant state was loaded into mesoporous structures. ► The Ti-Cr-MCM-48 ...photocatalyst showed high degradation of H2S under visible light.
A highly photoactive Ti-containing Cr-modified MCM-48 photocatalyst (Si/Ti=3.4, Si/Cr=50) was prepared by a facile one-step method at room temperature. A combination of various physicochemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectra (DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were used to characterize the properties of the synthetic catalysts. The characterization and experimental results indicated that tetrahedral Ti oxide moieties as dominant Ti oxide were loaded into the mesoporous structure and there was a synergistic interaction between the Ti species anchored on the walls and the Cr ions presented in the MCM-48 framework, which was considered to be directly correlated to the photoactivity. The Ti-Cr-MCM-48 sample can remove H2S with the efficiency of 92% under visible light, being the Cr6+ species primarily responsible for this photoactivity. A deactivation was observed as a consequence of sulfate accumulation on the surface of the catalyst and reduction of Cr6+.
Two kinds of novel reverse-osmosis (RO) membrane characterization approaches were firstly proposed for observing the backside and cross-sectional morphologies of polyamide separation layers and their ...extents of cross-linking, by using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, respectively. The surface chemistries (streaming potential and functional groups) and microstructures (polyamide thickness, morphology, and roughness) of three kinds of new commercial RO membranes (LP21, ULP21, and FR11) were comprehensively investigated. In addition, their salt rejections, and permeate fluxes were investigated in 2000ppm NaCl solution under different operating pressures ranging from 125 to 250psi; and their fouling resistances to insoluble CaCO3, MgCO3, and SiO2 colloids were also detailedly investigated. Based on the above results, the dependence of bulk properties (salt rejection, permeate flux, fouling resistance, and hydrophilicity) on surface chemistries and microstructures was carefully analyzed. Most importantly, it was observed that both of the top surface and backside of polyamide separation layer exhibit loose structures. The inner of separation layer should play an important role for the salt-rejection property of RO membrane. These results also provide important pieces of evidence for some previous reports on the microstructures of polyamide separation layers and desalting mechanism of RO membranes.
► We report a method for analyzing the cross section and backside of separation layer. ► A method for characterizing the crosslinking degree of RO membrane was proposed. ► The structures and properties of three commercial RO membranes were firstly reported. ► We analyzed the relationship between their properties and structures.
Here, we present a novel constitutional dynamic chemistry controlled reaction induced crystallization strategy for the morphological controlling of aromatic polyazomethines. Complex nanostructured ...polyazomethines with sphere, elliptic, discus and disk-like morphologies can be readily fine tuned by varying the ratio of reagents in the dynamic imine exchange reaction. After pyrolysis, hierarchically nanostructured carbons can be obtained. The study revealed the concert of constitutional dynamic chemistry and reaction induced crystallization could provide a powerful strategy for the complex morphological control of aromatic polymers.
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